Water Pollution Occurs When Pollutants Are Discharged Environmental Sciences Essay

Water contamination is the spoil of H2O natural structures ( for example lakes, waterways, seas and groundwater ) .Water contamination influences workss and creatures populating in these natural structures of H2O ; and, in pretty much all cases the result is harming non simply to single species and populaces, yet next to the normal natural communities.Water contamination happens when poisons are released straight or in a roundabout way into H2O natural structures without equivalent mediation to take unsafe mixes. Presentation Water contamination is a significant activity in the planetary setting. It has been proposed that it is the taking overall reason for expires and ailments, and that it represents the perishes of in excess of 14,000 individuals every day. An expected 700 million Indians have no dish to an appropriate latrine, and 1,000 Indian children bones of diarrhoeal infection each twenty-four hours. Somewhere in the range of 90 % of China ‘s metropoliss experience the ill effects of some evaluation of H2O contamination, and around 500 million individuals need course to safe soaking up H2O. In add-on to the intense employments of H2O contamination in creating states, industrialized states keep on battling with contamination occupations each piece great. In the latest national investigation on H2O quality in the United States, 45 for each centum of surveyed waterway detail mis, 47 for each centum of evaluated lake domains, and 32 for every centum of evaluated straight and estuarine square det ail mis were delegated polluted.Water is regularly alluded to as dirtied when it is hindered by anthropogenetic defilements and either does non back up a human use, comparative aiding as soaking up H2O, as well as experiences an articulated dislodging in its capacity to back up its protected biotic networks, for example, fish. Regular wonders, for example, vents, green growth sprouts, tempests, and quakes other than cause significant modifications in H2O quality and the natural situation of H2O. Water contamination classs Surface H2O and groundwater have much of the time been considered and overseen as discrete assets, in spite of the fact that they are interrelated. Beginnings of surface H2O contamination are all things considered gathered into two classs dependent on their start. Point starting contamination alludes to pollutions that enter a conduit through a particular transport, for example, a funnel or discard. Instances of beginnings in this class incorporate releases from a sewerage mediation works, a plant, or a city storm channel. The U.S. Clean Water Act ( CWA ) characterizes point starting for regulative authorization plans. The CWA meaning of point starting was altered in 1987 to incorporate city storm cloaca frameworks, each piece great as mechanical stormwater, for example, from building locales. Non-point starting ( NPS ) contamination alludes to spread pollute that does non emerge from an individual discrete start. NPS contamination is much of the time the aggregate outcome of little totals of pollutions accumulated from a major nation. The filtering out of nitrogen mixes from farming area which has been prepared is a run of the mill outline. Supplement flood in stormwater from â€Å" sheet stream † over a horticultural field or a wood are other than refered to as delineations of NPS contamination. Defiled tempest H2O washed off of stopping tonss, streets and primary streets, called urban flood, is once in a while included under the class of NPS contamination. In any case, this flood is commonly directed into storm channel frameworks and released through funnels to neighborhood surface Waterss, and is a point starting. Anyway where such H2O is non directed and depletes directly to grapple it is a non-point starting. Groundwater contamination Interactions among groundwater and surface H2O are mind boggling. Therefore, groundwater contamination, some of the time alluded to as groundwater corrupt, is non as simple named surface H2O contamination. By its truly nature, groundwater springs are defenseless to corrupt from beginnings that may non straight influence surface H2O natural structures, and the separation of point versus non-point starting might be immaterial. A spill or on-going arrivals of synthetic or radionuclide defilements into earth ( situated off from a surface H2O natural structure ) may non make point starting or non-point starting contamination, however can dirty the spring underneath, characterized as a poison tuft. The movement of the crest, a tuft forepart, can be part of a Hydrological transport hypothetical record or Groundwater hypothetical record. Examination of groundwater pollute may focus on the earth highlights and site topography, hydrogeology, hydrology, and the idea of the defilements. Reasons for H2O contamination The particular defilements taking to contamination in H2O incorporate an expansive range of synthetic concoctions, pathogens, and physical or centripetal modifications, for example, raised temperature and stain. While a considerable lot of the synthetic compounds and substances that are managed might be obviously happening ( Ca, Na, Fe, manganese, and so forth ) the fixation is oftentimes the key in finding what is a characteristic constituent of H2O, and what is a defilement. Oxygen-exhausting substances might be regular stuffs, for example, works issue ( for example foliages and grass ) each piece great as semisynthetic synthetic substances. Other normal and anthropogenetic substances may do turbidness ( overcast spread ) which squares noticeable radiation and disturbs works developing, and obstructs the gills of some fish species. A considerable lot of the synthetic substances are harmful. Pathogens can deliver waterborne ailments in either human or fleshly has. Change of H2O ‘s physical compound science incorporates acridity ( modification in pH ) , electrical conduction, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is an expansion in the grouping of synthetic nourishments in an environment to a degree that increments in the essential productiveness of the biological system. Contingent upon the evaluation of eutrophication, resulting negative natural impacts, for example, anoxia ( oxygen exhaustion ) and horrendous abatements in H2O quality ma y occur, affecting fish and other animalistic populaces. Pathogens Coliform bacteriums are a typically utilized bacterial record of H2O contamination, in spite of the fact that non an existent reason for malady. Different microorganisms once in a while found in surface Waterss which have caused human health occupations include: Burkholderia pseudomallei Cryptosporidium parvum Giardia lamblia Salmonella Novovirus and different infections Parasitic worms ( parasitic worms ) . High degrees of pathogens may follow from deficiently rewarded sewerage releases. This can be brought about by a sewerage works structured with not exactly optional intercession ( increasingly run of the mill in less-created states ) . In created states, more seasoned metropoliss with maturing foundation may hold defective sewerage conglomeration frameworks ( pipes, siphons, valves ) , which can do invigorating cloaca floods. Some metropoliss other than have consolidated cloacas, which may dispatch untreated sewerage during precipitation storms. Pathogen releases may other than be brought about by not well overseen livestock tasks. Synthetic and different defilements Muddy stream contaminated by store. Photograph politeness of United States Geological Survey. Contaminants may incorporate natural and inorganic substances. Natural H2O toxins include: Cleansers Sanitization side-effects found in synthetically cleaned guzzling H2O, for example, trichloromethane Food preparing waste, which can incorporate oxygen-requesting substances, fats and greasing up oil Bug sprays and weedkillers, a gigantic extent of organohalides and other synthetic mixes Oil hydrocarbons, including fills ( gasolene, Diesel fuel, stream powers, and fuel oil ) and lubricators ( engine oil ) , and fuel consuming side-effects, from stormwater flood Tree and hedge dust from logging activities Unpredictable natural mixes ( VOCs ) ,, for example, mechanical dissolvers, from ill-advised capacity. Chlorinated dissolvers, which are overwhelming non-fluid stage fluids ( DNAPLs ) , may tumble to the underside of supplies, since they do n't mix great with H2O and are denser. Grouped concoction mixes found in close to home cleanliness and beautifying stocks Inorganic H2O contaminations include: Harshness brought about by mechanical releases ( especially sulfur dioxide from power workss ) Alkali from supplement handling waste Concoction squander as mechanical side-effects Manures consolidating nourishments †nitrates and phosphates †which are found in stormwater flood from agribusiness, each piece great as business and private use. Overwhelming metals from engine vehicles ( through urban stormwater flood ) and acerb mine waste Sediment ( store ) in flood from building destinations, logging, cut and consume examples or land dale locales Naturally visible contamination huge seeable focuses fouling the H2O might be named â€Å" floatables † in a urban stormwater setting, or marine residue when found on the loosened oceans, and can incorporate such focuses as: Refuse ( for example paper, plastic, or supplement squander ) disposed of by individuals on the land, and that are washed by precipitation into storm channels lastly released into surface Waterss Nurdles, minimal ubiquitous waterborne plastic pellets Wrecks, enormous forsaken ships Warm contamination Warm contamination is the ascent or harvest time in the temperature of a characteristic natural structure of H2O brought about by human impact. A typical reason for thermic contamination is the utilization of H2O as a coolant by power workss and modern producers. Raised H2O temperatures diminishes O degrees ( which can slaughter fish ) and influences environment forming, for example, attack by new thermophilic species. Urban flood may other than advance temperature in surface Waterss. Warm contamination can other than be brought about by the arrival of extremely cool H2O from the base of repositories into hotter streams. Movement and concoction responses of H2O contaminations Most H2O poisons are at long last conveyed by streams into the seas. In certain nations of the universe the impact can be followed 100 detail mis from the oral cavity by surveies using hydrology movement hypothetical records. Propelled registering machine hypothetical records, for example, SWMM or the DSSAM Mod

Charles Dickens Essay

Looking at the manners by which pressure and tension is made in the initial groupings of David Lean’s 1946 and Julian Jarrold’s 1999 understanding of â€Å"Great Expectations† by Charles Dickens In David Lean’s 1946 translation of â€Å"Great Expectation† Pip is depicted as a little, shrewd, clean young man, as he will be viewed as progressively honest and powerless against the crowd. Pip’s reasonable hair shading against the obscuring foundation makes the crowd believe that he is a heavenly like figure. Lean shows the huge scene with tall-outlined gibbets to demonstrate exactly how little and helpless Pip is stumbling into the marshland. At the point when Pip goes to visit and weed the grave of his folks, Lean shows this especially to pick up the audience’s compassion. The crowd hears everything that Pip hears and this encourages us to comprehend his misgiving. The shout is stunning and makes us see his dread to his gathering with the convict. At the point when he is being compromised, Pip’s overpowering courteousness and naivety, notwithstanding the hazardous circumstance he is in, causes the crowd to feel a lot of compassion toward him. Be that as it may, in Julian Jarrold’s 1999 understanding of â€Å"Great Expectations† Pip is depicted as a scruffy and an unclean little youngster. This picture gains the audience’s compassion as should be obvious that he is abused at home. Jarrold’s Pip has dim hair; and despite the fact that he isn't viewed as a saintly and blameless figure. Jarrold connects with the compassion of the crowd by introducing him as a pursued creature. At the point when Pip experiences the convict, he is without a doubt unnerved and damaged. He can't take a gander at the convict, and is so deadened with dread he can’t even talk. At the point when we initially meet the convict we can see promptly how scaring he can be. David Lean shows a nearby of his face at the same time to him bouncing onto the scene. This nearby view is being utilized to give us what the convict is thinking and furthermore to show the displeasure. This nearby view is likewise used to forestall us seeing what Pip is doing when the camera zooms up on the convict. Along these lines we stress for Pip and this adds to the tension existing apart from everything else. The convict is a scary enormous man who has a great deal of control over Pip. Before all else he is constantly shot in murkiness, while Pip is constantly shot in splendid light to stress his guiltlessness. This is especially observable when the convict is in charge, attempting to tilt Pip over the tombstone. There is a cut among Pip and the convict to show Pip’s helplessness and a nearby of his face features his fear. Pip is appeared as the inverse to the convict and looks honest, enchanting and conveniently dressed. The convict anyway looks irate and filthy and we assume this is the thing that he resembles and thusly view him as an awful individual. Language is likewise used to accentuate the convict’s forcefulness. The convict explicitly accentuates the words ‘roasted’ and furthermore ‘tear him open’. These words are underlined to unnerve Pip and furthermore to stun the crowd. It brings the crowd into the story and causes us to feel Pip’s terrorizing. The convict’s startling picture adds to the prohibiting setting. Julian Jarrold’s form of the convict is demonstrated to be unbelievably overwhelming and scaring. Albeit no discourse is spoken we can see from his fixed gaze on Pip and his furious glare that he means to do mischief to him. The convict is wearing old filthy garments and looks exceptionally not well prepared, this adds to the audience’s comprehension of him as a got away from convict. Lean uses some viable strategies to show the characters. He shows the huge scene with tall-outlined gibbets to demonstrate exactly how little and defenseless Pip is. The utilization of light and dim is compelling when me meet the convict. Pip stays in the light however the convict’s face is covered in haziness to persuade the crowd of his a malevolent nature. Pip’s helped appearance shows his honesty and makes the crowd wonder why such a pleasant kid is in such a dull and melancholy spot. After the encounter, Pip is seen scrabbling home over the swamps as fast as could be expected under the circumstances, against the equivalent shocking scene. The setting in Jarrold’s 1999 understanding is less cliché. It isn't dull and the sky is bright. There is an extremely piercing note, which seems eerie and frightening to the crowd. Not long before we see Pip’s head peep out of the wheat field, from the convict’s perspective, we hear breathing and this causes anticipation, as should be obvious anybody. The setting of a wheat field is less customary and doesn't set us up for when the convict pursues Pip, as nobody would hope to discover a convict in a wheat field. The brilliant reeds add to the serene quietness of the primary shot, and in this manner loosen up the watcher. Jarrold utilizes his own thoughts and makes the initial progressively charming and energizing. Toward the starting we have no clue what will occur and in view of this Pip’s running come as a stun, and hence has more effect. This furnishes the crowd with a prompt motivating force to keep viewing. We at that point follow the sensational pursue that Jarrold has developed through a wheat field and the memorial park. Jarrold’s utilization of perspective shots allow the crowd to feel increasingly engaged with the film and to assist them with feeling the disarray of the pursuit. The wheat field itself is Jarrold’s own thought and isn't referenced anyplace in the composed novel. In any case, this truly assists with demonstrating Pip is attempting to stow away yet that he can't get away.

2016 Final Freshman Decisions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2016 Final Freshman Decisions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2016 Final Freshman Decisions Yes, the question that all freshmen applicants (and their parents) have been asking again and again can finally be answered. Final decisions for freshmen applicants are scheduled to be released on Friday, March 18 (unless something catastrophic occurs). We will open up the status check sometime in the late afternoon on Friday (no do not ask for an exact time, I do not have it) and applicants will be able to view their decisions. As well, admit and wait-list decision letters will be sent out by mail (we do not mail out denial letters). There will be three decision groups (Admit, Deny and Wait-List), and I will try to post some information on all three of these decisions this week. We will also have a small group of freshman that we will admit for the Spring 2017 term. I do not have any statistics on the groups at this time, but we will have more data on the overall admit group by the end of the week. Please do not have multiple people in your family try to log into the myStatus page on Friday, as this will slow everything down. Just have one person (hopefully yourself) log into myStatus, be patient as it may be slower than normal (do not keep hitting enter or refresh), and tell family members who want to see your myStatus page to wait until Saturday. If you do have multiple people trying to log into your myStatus, it could cause your individual myStatus page to freeze, so do not do this. Remember, we cannot and will not give out any decisions by phone, in person or by email, and we are as happy as you are to have decision day finally get here. Transfers: We will continue to review transfer files and make decisions daily, but you will not be able to see your decisions on the myStatus page this week due to our having to temporarily close the status page in preparation for freshman decisions. Transfer decision letters will continue to be sent out and will be available when the myStatus page opens on Friday. Go Dawgs!

Americas Policy Towards War Essay examples - 837 Words

Americas Policy Towards War Until the end of the twentieth century America’s policy towards war was to stay neutral. We stayed out of other governments battles and we avoided war. The United States did not force our ideals on any foreign governments. The US did not want to be the bully who forces countries into having freedom and independence. This noninterventionist America, devoted to solving its own problems and developing its own civilization, became the wonder of the world. People were compelled to come to this wonderful country and share in the freedoms it enjoys. Between 1898 and 1919, trade and cultural exchange flourished, as American civilization progressed and we became an economic powerhouse. American traditions in†¦show more content†¦The US was concerned over our vessels that were in sea. They were at risk of being seized by war ships. America wanted to prevent this from happening (McKinley). America wanted to secure a market for American industry and where better to secure this th an in Cuba, which was in our backyard. President McKinley had his eye on some of Spain’s possessions. He was hunting for new territories and markets. At the end of the war, the acquisition of American colonies outside of the United States was fulfilled with the annexation of the Hawaiin Islands and gaining Puerto Rico as a colony (Shi). I feel as though we became involved in this war to acquire what we wanted and not to return safety back to a country. Our main concern was not about the people it was about our needs. The most coveted market in Asia was China. America wanted to trade with China and there was concern that the great powers, Great Birtain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, and Russia, would hinder that from happening. The Open Door Policy stated that foreign powers would not interfere with any treaty port. Chinese authorities had to collect tariffs equally, and they could not show favors concerning harbor dues or railroad charges (Shi 954). We wanted to secure open trade in China. The self-interest of American business was on the minds of the government. Being involved with Asian trade would only benefit our incentive to become a super power (Roosevelt). When theShow MoreRelatedThe Politics Of Power By Ira Katznelson1315 Words   |  6 PagesIn the chapter â€Å"Foreign Policy† in the book, â€Å"The Politics of Power† by Ira Katznelson, Mark Kesselman, and Alan Draper, describes in detail of the events leading to America’s great level of dominance. Throughout the chapter, a few key points were made. The main three points that were observed in this chapter consisted of America’s influence and global expansion, the transition into the globalization era, and environmental problems. 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Dorothea Lange s Portrait Of Beauty And Creativity

Although art is often characterized as works of beauty and creativity, Dorothea Lange proved that her art is authenticity as she depicted the Great Depression of the 30s and the Japanese Internment of the 40s without filters; moreover, Lange s photographs embodies the failure of the American ideal in periods of poverty, dejection and discrimination. Lange s family inspired her later career in photography by exposing her to endless possibilities of creativity. After studying at Columbia University, Lange boldly decided to become a photographer although she knows nothing about photography. Lange said in an interview: I had never owned a camera, but I just knew that was what I wanted to do (Oral). She supported her dream with economically plausible means, that is, working in several portrait studios. Using photography as a business rather than artistic expression, Lange started a portrait studio in San Francisco. As the Great Depression strikes America in the 1930s, one quarter of all workers lost their jobs. Americans increasingly loose hope in their government for not providing relief or recovery. Lange took her camera to the streets and took her first photograph of the Great Depression era- The White Angel Breadline. Amy Pastan, a prominent writer of photographs stated that the White Angel Breadline is a disturbing but beautiful image that would come to represent the face of the Great Depression (pastan). This picture peaks into a scene at the door of a kitchen

To the Lighthouse Free Essays

string(54) " of that life was inscribed in every novel she wrote\." Virginia Woolf’s Answer to â€Å"Women Can’t Paint, Women Can’t Write† in To the Lighthouse By Daniela Munca1 Abstract This essay addresses Virginia Woolf’s personal stand in her answer to â€Å"women can’t paint, women can’t write†, a reflection on the Victorian prejudice of the role of women in the family and society shared by both her parents, Leslie and Julia Stephen.By bridging a close textual analysis with the most recent psychological critical analysis, I argue that apart from the political, social and artistic implications, Woolf’s attitude to the Victorian stereotypes related to gender roles carry a deeply personal message, being undeniably influenced and determined by the relationship with her parents and her need to lie to rest some unresolved issues concerning her status as a woman artist.This essay focuses on Woolf’s 1926 novel, To the Lighthouse, which is, undoubtedly, her most autobiographical novel. We will write a custom essay sample on To the Lighthouse or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lily Briscoe, the unmarried painter who finally manages to conceptualize Woolf’s vision at the end of the novel, has a double mission in this novel. First, she has to resolve her own insecurities and come to peace with the memory of the deceased Mrs. Ramsay, a symbol of the Victorian woman and Julia Stephen’s artistic alter ego. Second, she has to connect with Mr.Ramsay and prove to herself that women can, indeed, paint. As she matures as a painter Virginia Woolf is overcoming her anger and frustration caused by the fact that she didn’t not fit into the generally accepted pattern of the woman’s role in society and in the family life, and especially of the status of women as artists. By creating one of the most challenging novels of the English Literature, Virginia Woolf also proves to herself and to the readers that women can, indeed write.Keywords: gender, art, Victorian prejudices, Virginia Woolf Being one of the earliest and most influential feminist writers of the 20th century, Virginia Woolf has offered us with a literary heritage exploring in different forms such themes as socioeconomic processes of occupational segregation, wage discrimination, imposition of separate spheres and social exclusion. Her implied perspective on distributive gender justice nourish her novels and diaries, but no other piece of fiction reflects more faithfully her deeply personal stand in this regard as To the Lighthouse (1926), a novel which marked her as a mature, self-fulfilled modern writer. This essay addresses Virginia Woolf’s personal stand in her answer to â€Å"women can’t paint, women can’t write† (Woolf , To the Lighthouse, 48), a reflection on the Victorian prejudice of the role of women in the family and society shared by both her parents, Leslie and Julia Stephen. By bridging a close textual analysis with the most recent psychological critical analysis, I argue that apart from the political, social and artistic implications, Woolf’s 1 English Language Instructor American Language Center (ALC/ACCELS) Chisinau, Moldova, danielamuncca@yahoo. com Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 0 #4 May 2009 276 attitude to the Victorian stereotypes related to gender roles carry a deeply personal message, being undeniably influenced and determined by the relationship with her parents and her need to lie to rest some unresolved issues concerning her status as a woman artist. Lily Briscoe, the unmarried painter who finally manag es to conceptualize Woolf’s vision at the end of the novel, has a double mission in this novel. First, she has to resolve her own insecurities and come to peace with the memory of the deceased Mrs. Ramsay, a symbol of the Victorian woman and Julia Stephen’s artistic alter ego. Second, she has to connect with Mr. Ramsay and prove to herself that women can, indeed, paint. Lily Brsicoe – the struggling female artist In the first section of the book Lily Briscoe is far from being the visionary artist whose prophetical â€Å"I have had my vision† (Woolf, To the Lighthouse, 209) accomplishes the symbolical trip to the Lighthouse and marks the end of the novel. In â€Å"The Window† Lily is presented as a young, inexperienced painter struggling to overcome her own insecurities: â€Å"She could have wept. It was bad, it was bad, it was infinitely bad!She could have done it differently of course; the colour could have been thinned and faded; the shapes etherealised; that was how Paunceforte would have seen it† (27). As she was struggling to find her own vision, to see â€Å"the colour burning on a framework of steel; the light of a butterfly’s wing lying upon the arches of a cathedral† Lily finds it extremely difficult to fo cus on her canvas because of Mr Tansley whispering in her ear, â€Å"Women can’t paint, women can’t write .. . † (78). Lily Briscoe is looking for images to inspire her and she inevitably turns to Mrs. Ramsay, whose hear stored up knowledge and wisdom (50).She is then recalling, leaning her head on Mrs Ramsay’s knee, her insistence â€Å"that she must, Minta must, they all must marry, since in the whole world whatever laurels might be tossed to her (†¦), or triumphs won by her (†¦), and here she saddened, darkened, and came back to her chair, there could be no disputing this: an unmarried woman (†¦), an unmarried woman has missed the best of life (50). Lily’s attitude to this statement is first, defensive, as she is trying to enumerate things that has in life, things that make her happy: â€Å"Oh, but, Lily would say, there was her father; her home; even, had she dared to say it, her painting† (51).Even though â€Å"all this seemed so little, so virginal, against the other†, Lily would still â€Å"urge her own exemption from the universal l aw; plead for it†, as she realizes that in fact â€Å"she liked to be alone; she liked to be herself; she was not made for that; and so have to meet a serious stare from eyes of unparalleled depth, and confront Mrs Ramsay’s simple certainty (†¦) that her dear Lily, her little Brisk, was a fool† (51). Writing as Woolf’s psychoanalytic catharsis Numerous literary critics like Spilka, Abel, Kavaler-Adler, Leaska, Maze and Panken have signaled the fact that Virginia Woolf’s personal life and her work were inseparable, and part of that life was inscribed in every novel she wrote. You read "To the Lighthouse" in category "Papers" Characters, settings and conflicts present in her fiction more than commonly overlap with the world of her own experience or are reflected in Woolf’s major symbols and leitmotifs, especially in her most autobiographical novel To the Lighthouse.Apart from the themes of life and death, the effect of time on human memory, writing as a cathartic experience, male versus female dichotomy, the theme of the role of art and the artistic vision in the Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 277 post Victorian epoch are a deeply personal ones for Virginia Woolf, themes which shaped her as a writer and inspired her feminist views on the political, social and artistic levels.Rooted deep into her most personal memories, Woolf’s struggle with the Victorian prejudices on the role of women in the society and in family life are touched upon with a specific vehemence and bitterness, as she had to confront and deal, in this regard, with the two of the major constellations reverberating throughout her life, which appear in the psychological or metaphorical substance of her autobiographical writings, as well as in her fiction– her parents, Leslie and Julia Stephen.In Granite and Rainbow – The Hidden Life of Virginia Woolf, Mitchell Leaska claims that â€Å"the art of fiction provided Virginia Woolf with the means of reuniting and reconciling those warring factions she felt so acutely within. (†¦)Writing novels permitted her to externalize much of what, locked within, might have remained dissonant, fragmentary, and devastating. It might also be said that Virginia turned instinctively to fiction because there were satisfactions in fantasy that she couldn’t find in the real world† (7).A closer look at Woolf’s vision on the role of the female artist in the 1920s is possible when analyzing her fictional alter ago – Lily Briscoe, the spinster painter who helped to voice her most urgent need – the urge to create art and put on the canvas, just like she did on paper, in order to make out of that vision something permanent something immune from change. While designing the plot of To the Lighthouse, Woolf had announced that the production of her text constitutes for her a sort of â€Å"psychoanalytic catharsis† (Abel 46).The close involvement of the author’s whole being with that past is further confirmed by the liberating function ascribed by Virginia Woolf herself to her book, when on the ninety-sixth anniversary of her father’s birth she writes: â€Å" I us ed to think of him and mother daily: but writing the Lighthouse laid them in my mind. (†¦) (I believe this to be true-that I was obsessed by them both, unhealthily; and, writing of them was a necessary act) â€Å"(135).The fact that writing proved to be an effective cathartic tool is supported by Woolf’s statement in A Sketch of the Past: â€Å"Until I wrote it out, I would find my lips moving; I would be arguing with him; raging against him; saying to myself all that I never said to him .. . things it was impossible to say aloud† (108). Lily Briscoe is one of the characters who assisted Woolf in saying to herself and to the reader what was impossible to say aloud for a woman in the Victorian society.Woolf’s reaction to the Victorian Woman – thinking back to Julia Stephen In Virginia Woolf and The Lust of Creation, Panken states that there are four major constellations reverberating throughout Woolf’s life, Virginia Woolf’s relation to he mother being one of the most influential in her work. Being a perfect wife and mother of her children according to her husband, Julia Stephen was a perfect embodiment of the Victorian woman, whose life was centered upon her husband and children, filled with charity work and household duties.A rebel herself, an independent woman writer in the times when Victorian values still prevailed in the society, Virginia Woolf had, of course, to face and deal with that image. The Victorian housewife / Modern femal e writer conflict is resolved in a less dramatic manner in To the Lighthouse than in any other Woolf’s novel. She chooses to reconcile with the conflict memories of her past and use this compromise as a tool to strengthen her vision as a writer. Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 278Despite the lack of her husband’s education and philosophical sight, even if she â€Å"cared not a fig for her painting† (To the Lighthouse 49), Mrs. Ramsay, Julia Stephen’s fictional counterpart, offers a rather deep and insightful portrait of Lily Briscoe: â€Å"With Lily it was different. She faded, under Minta’s glow; became more inconspicuous than ever, in her little grey dress with her little puckered face and her little Chinese eyes. Everything about her was so small. Yet, thought Mrs Ramsay, comparing her with Minta, as she claimed her help (†¦) of the two, Lily at forty will be the better† (104). What she liked about Lily, was the fact that she had â€Å"a thread of something; a flare of something; something of her own†. Despite her appreciation of Lily’s uniqueness, Mrs. Ramsay is still afraid that â€Å"no man would† and, as an unmarried woman, she might miss the best in life (104). Lily appears bitterly to accept society’s brutal, age-old assumption that an independent, unmarried, non-subservient woman like herself is â€Å"not a woman† at all but rather a desiccated and useless subspecies, an â€Å"old maid. White writes that â€Å"the addition of the word â€Å"presumably† in Lily’s thoughts gives her leeway to reject and cast off the social expectations that are prompting her to give herself over, like an Angel in the House, in sympathy to Mr. Ramsay. Lily’s mature sense of humor enables her to distance herself from the impasse and resolve it† (100). The question Lily Briscoe raises here is: what is best in life for a woman: what she chooses or what the society imposes her because of her gender? Does a woman have to give up her artistic vision in favor of becoming a perfect wife and mother?Does a woman miss the best in life if she chooses not to confront to these prejudices? Her answer is, as nothing is certain in this world, no marriage can promise a sublime happiness; no Victorian moral or standard can actually guarantee happiness. Art, on the other hand, is immune from change, it can capture the essence of those intense moments of vision, it can transcend time and human life, it has the power to satisfy such a restless searching soul as Virginia Woolf’s, and Lily Briscoe will help us realize this by the end of the novel.Woolf’s personal vision of Women as Artists: the personal versus the artistic dichotomy The women versus artist dichotomy is furthermore explored in the first section of the novel, â€Å"To the Lighthouse†, â€Å"here was Lily, at forty-four, wasting her time, unable to do a thing, standing there, playing at painting, playing at the one thing one did not play at†, and as she thinks that â€Å" one can’t waste one’s time at forty-four† (160).Maze writes about how Lily Briscoe intentionally represents the author as an adult, because â€Å"in the crucial third section, â€Å"The Lighthouse,† as she stands painting, Lily is intent on analyzing her own feelings towards the Ramsays just as Woolf was doing for herself in the writing† (86). Maze’s arguments are the following: Lily is the same age as Woolf was when writing the book; at first Lily wonders why she did not grieve for the dead Mrs.Ramsay and then she is represented as suddenly achieving grief, as Woolf thought she should herself; and finally Lily is struggling to complete a painting in which Mrs. Ramsay’s absence from her familiar place is somehow the focal point, just as Woolf was struggling to achieve a resolution of her novel on the same theme: â€Å"Painting and novel are completed at the same instant† (86). Guiget also supports this claim by writing that â€Å"the essential thing that lies behind the appearances and the superficial individualities of Lily Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 0 #4 May 2009 279 Briscoe and Mrs. Ramsay is derived not from Julia Stephen or the painter Vanessa, but from Virginia Woolf herself† (178). Briggis states that â€Å"Lily’s experiences as a modernist artist struggling to express her vision recapitulate Woolf’s efforts to complete her novel. She linked herself verbally with Lily when she wrote of ‘brisking, after my lethargy’. Lily, like her author, makes up scenes while she is working, and, like her author, she is ‘tunnelling her way into her picture, into the past† (178).Lily is thirty-three as the novel opens in mid-September, shortly before the first World War-a year or so older than Virginia in the fall of 1913. She is cast as a friend of the Ramsay family, and is said to love the whole family; but like Virginia, she has lost a mother, and her affections for Mrs. Ramsay-like Virginia’s affections for older women after her mother’s death-are especially intense. In the last section of the book the reader witnesses Lily grieving openly for Mrs.Ramsay some ten years after her death-which would be in 1924, about the time Virginia Woolf conceived this novel. By portraying Lily Brsicoe, the struggling artist, who had failed to become herself a mother, a wife, a lover, Virginia Woolf stresses the fact that art would assist her in compensating all of the above. White writes that â€Å"outwardly timid, awkward, and unprepossessing, Lily carefully guards the secret of how much her art means to her (86). She tosses off a â€Å"little insincerity† when she tells Mr. Bankes that â€Å"she would always go on painting, because it interested her† (72), but three times during the dinner party sceneonce when Tansley offends her, once when she decides to abandon her experiment; not to be â€Å"nice† to him, and once when she is disturbed by the presence of the engaged coupleLily’s thoughts turn to her art as a means of emotional survival. Lily wonders as she paints, going on to speculate that she, had Mrs. Ramsay lived, might have ended up married to William Bankes. â€Å"Mrs. Ramsay had planned it.Perhaps, had she lived, she would have compelled it† (175), and marriage, as Lily sees it, would have put an end to her painting. To assure herself that Mrs. Ramsay’s vision for her was unwise, Lily calls up a number of witnesses. First, her quite satisfactory relationship with William Bankes as it is, not as his wife but as an affectionate friend. Second, the failure of Paul and Minta’s marriage, in which Mrs. Ramsay had placed so much hope. In contemplating how life has changed and about what time has done to the Rayleys, Mrs.Ramsay’s prime exhibit in the marriage arcade. Their coming together was among the triumphs celebrated at the dinner ten years before. Yet, we are told, in a metaphor that carries a special meaning in this book, that â€Å"things had worked loose after the first year or so; the marriage had turned out rather badly† (173). What Lily is implying is, I think, to remember that marriage is not time-proof. Lily tells us how separate and bitter the Rayleys’ lives have become, how they went through a phase of misery and violence, and are now â€Å"excellent friends† but no longer in love. † All these serve to strengthen Lily’s belief that she has everything she needs in life, her art mostly, as she imagines saying to her: â€Å"It has all gone against your wishes. They’re happy like that; I’m happy like this. Life has changed completely. At that all her being, even her beauty, became for a moment, dusty and out of date† (175). Realizing her own values in life, her priorities and her concerns, Lily gets free from the influence Mrs. Ramsay had upon her, an influence representing the Victorian concept of women and their role in the society.Lily’s struggle against the Victorian prejudices, as well as Woolf’s feminist stand in the other novels, has a wider, political and social meaning. To the Lighthouse was Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 280 written in 1926, when opportunities for women in the arts were opening up although painting still lagged far behind fiction. Woolf captures a woman painter at moments of breakthrough, not only into professionalism, but also into serious exploration of the emotional and intellectual possibilities of her art.Lily’s growth as an artist coincides with the time in Woolf’s career when she found it possible to synthesize her aesthetic and political views into a single narrative; that is, to espouse the notion of hi gh art as consistent with a feminist viewpoint (White 107). However, Woolf’s feminist stance in this novel is rather moderate, her growing anger at the world’s injustice and brutality so prominent in her previous novels being replaced by a more mature, self-confident view of creativity and art. It seems that she has finally found that peace she needed to accomplish her artistic vision in reconciling Lily Briscoe and Mrs.Ramsay, the painter and the domestic artist, proving indirectly that no matter the â€Å"job†, women always have had creative powers. As Christopher Reed and others have pointed out, â€Å"modernism was congenial to feminism and to women’s art because the principles of modernism encouraged a certain detachment and inventiveness which tended to preclude older patriarchal conventions† (qtd. in White 107). Resolving the female artists’ conflict with the male muse: thinking back to Leslie Stephen â€Å"The Lighthouse†, the last section of the novel, starts with Lily Briscoe’ s reflection on the house and its inhabitants after Mrs.Ramsay’s death. Lily feels lost and powerless; everything seemed pointless, just like Mr. Ramsay’s snap at his children not being ready for their trip to the Lighthouse: â€Å"What’s the use of going now? † (146). Sitting alone among the clean cups at the long table, Lily felt â€Å"cut off from other people, and able only to go watching, asking, wondering†. She thinks: â€Å"how aimless it was, how chaotic, how unreal it was† looking at her empty coffee cup.These questions reflect the post First World War chaos and shift of values which Virginia Woolf became a witness of, a historical period marked by the Modern stream of thought she faithfully represented in A Room of One’s Own and in her essays. Lily Briscoe is also searching for something permanent, for something that would be equivalent to Mrs. Ramsays’ moments of eternity she created during the dinner when the â€Å"Boeuf en Danube† was served. Depicted as a young inexperienced painter in â€Å"The Window†, struggling with her lack of confidence and self esteem, Lily comes back in the last section of the book much better equipped.It is facing Mr. Ramsay, a symbol of the Victorian patriarchy that strengthens her faith in the value and power of art. When Mr. Ramsay â€Å"raised his head as he passed and looked straight at her, with his distraught wild gaze which was yet so penetrating† (146). In order to escape his â€Å"demand on her†, Lily pretends to be drinking out of the empty coffee cup. She starts reflecting on his words â€Å"Perished. Alone† and feels that there were some â€Å"empty places† she wanted to bring together.This empty space could be Woolf’s unsolved relationship with her past and more specifically, in this context, her attitude towards her father. In order to focus on filling that space, Lily â€Å"turned her back to the window† in order to avoid Mr. Ramsay seeing her, for she had to â€Å"escape somewhere, be alone somewhere† (147). This is the very same moment when she decides to go back to that unfinished picture which â€Å"had been knocking about in her mind all these years†. Lily’s being haunted by the image of her unfinished picture is a very accurate Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 281 etaphorical representation of Woolf’s statement about the images of her parents which had been tormenting her before the novel was completed. Lily fetches herself a chair, pitches her easel on the same spot she was standing ten years ago and tries to put together â€Å"the wall, the hedge, the tree† (147). According to Gliserman, Lily sees Mr. Ramsay as â€Å"intrusive and voracious-infantile† and the way she arranges her easel, a â€Å"barrier† however â€Å"frail†, as a method to protect herself from Mr. Ramsay (123-124). However, she can not find that â€Å"relation between masses† which she â€Å"had borne in her mind all these years†, as Mr.Ramsay was â€Å"bearing down on her†; every time he approached, Lily could not paint, as he was bringing with himself â€Å"chaos† and â€Å"ruin†. This passage is reflecting Woolf’s belief that her father was a threat to her creativity, to her freedom as a writer. Greenacre (qtd in Kavaler-Adler 1993:61-2) mentions the figure of a female writer’s father as one factor which can tip the scales in favor of creative strivings in women. Greenacre claims that female child’s father can help mobilize creative strivings in his daughter, particularly if he himself is an artist.Gedo in â€Å"Portraits of an Artis† (1983) continues exploring this influence of the father’s image, but in a negative way. He states that a father as an artist can become an obstacle for the daughter, because he might be envious. Gedo explains this by the fact that because of gender differences, a girl is a disadvantage to a boy, who would be seen as an extension with the father’s own strivings for achievement and recognition. He believes that a father will feel more rivalry toward a daughter than toward a son, since he won’t see his own glory reflected in a daughter (qtd in Kavaler-Adler 1993: 62).I will have to disagree with Gedo and argue that for Virginia Woolf, and particularly in To the Lighthouse, her relationship with Leslie Stephen, a man of letters himself, was rather a source of inspiration than a rivalry. After all, Leslie and Julia Stephen â€Å"did permit Vanessa and Virginia creative work. Vanessa was permitted art classes and Virginia was the writer. Her parents read the Hyde Park Gate News with apparent pleasure, despite its satirical edge. [†¦] Virginia was well-stocked with serious, challenging material by her father, as is very evident in her earliest surviving diary, kept in 1897† (Scott 6).She did not have to prove to her father that she, too, was capable of achieving great success as a writer; Woolf explored her need to get her father’s attention and approval, she needed his respect and recognition more than anybody else’s. Maze states that â€Å"Woolf’s attitudes to her father, while strongly ambivalent, were largely unrepressed; the feelings of both affection and angry resentment towards him had ready access to consciousness, and are expressed freely† in To the Lighthouse (85). Quentin Bell’s biography of Virginia Woolf desc ribes her strong attachment to her father and writes of the time they spent exclusively together. This was the time when Virginia could walk out with her father to the Loggan Rock of Trem Crom and the fairyland of great ferns which stood high above a child’s head, or to Halestown Bog where the osmunds grew† (qtd. in Kavaler-Adler 32). Sir Leslie Stephen was not incapable of evoking loyalty and affection from his daughter. â€Å"I too felt his attractiveness,† she writes in Moments of Being; â€Å" It arose-to name some elements at random-from his simplicity, his integrity, his eccentricity-by which I mean he would say exactly what he thought, however inconvenient and do what he liked.He had clear, direct feelings†. Among â€Å"his obvious qualities,† beyond the less attractive ones, were â€Å"his honesty, his unworldliness, his lovableness, his perfect sincerity† (111). The times when he called up in his children Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 282 the most passionate and positive feelings were for Virginia: â€Å"Beautiful, (†¦) simple and eager as a child; and exquisitely alive to all affection; exquisitely tender. We would have helped him then if we could, given him all we had, and felt it little beside his need-but the moment passed† (â€Å"Moments of Being† 46).Just like in the case of Mrs. Ramsay, ambivalence is at the heart of Woolf’s feelings toward her father. But, as Van Buren explains it, â€Å" her portrait of Mr. Ramsay succeeds in presenting us with both his limited mind, his need for sympathy, his leechlike attachment to women, and his ill temper, as well as his honesty, sincerity, integrity, courage, and capacity for tenderness† (36). Her deep attachment to her father when she was young (Panken 14), might have been changed after her mother’s death. Rigid and tyrannical in his domestic situations, at times overly rational and also self-deprecating, Mr.Ramsay is depicted in his constant demand for sympathy and support. Some critics have claimed that Mrs. Ramsay’s death and her husband’s exploitation of his daughters after was in fact a reflection of Woolf’s interpretation of what could have been the cause of her mother’s death. Panken states that she might have blamed her father for his overexploitation of Julia Stephen; his inordinate need for her solicitousness might have killed her (15). This is supported by the vehement stream of thoughts going through Lily’s head as he is trying to concentrate on her painting, but can not do so because of Mr. Ramsay’s presence: â€Å"Mrs. Ramsay had given. Giving, giving, giving, she had died – and had left all of this†(â€Å"To the Lighthouse†149). In Refiguring Modernism, Bonne Kime Scott claims that Virginia Woolf suffered â€Å"a second maternal loss† when her half-sister Stela Duckworth, who died because their father, Leslie Stephen was â€Å"ill suited for single parenthood and depended on his female relations† (6). Stella died soon after Julia Stephens as â€Å"an aftershock after their mother’s death† when Virginia was fifteen.This resulted in Virginia â€Å"refusing to become the next victim of their father’s tyranny† (Scott 6). The following pages describe in detail Lily’s feelings toward Mr. Ramsay as an echo of Virginia’s own unresolved anger and pain; â€Å"that man, [Lily] thought, her anger rising in her, never gave, that man took†. She, on the other hand, â€Å"would be forced to give† (149). Devastating in itself, Julia Stephen’s death was not all that Virginia suffered at this time. Leslie Stephen â€Å"went into a period of pathological mourning, punctuated by bellowings of grief† (Dalsimer 6).It was a time Woolf would describe as â€Å"a period of Oriental gloom, for surely there was something in the darkened rooms, the groans, the passionate lamentations that passed the normal limits of sorrow, and hung about the genuine tragedy with folds of Eastern drapery† (â€Å"R† 40). Virginia, at the age of thirteen, as well as he siblings, had then to comfort their bereaved father, as he yielded to â€Å"selfdramatizing self pity† (Dalsimer 6). Looking back to those years, Woolf wrote: â€Å"The tragedy of her death was not that it made one, now and then and very intensely, unhappy.It was that it made her unreal; and us solemn, and self-conscious. We were made to act parts that we did not feel; to fumble for words that we did not know. It obscured, it dulled. It made one hypocritical and immersed in the conventions of sorrow† (â€Å"A Sketch of the Past† 95). Lily Briscoe’s feelings toward Mr. Ramsay were also born out of Woolf’s recalling of her father’s colossal self-absorption, insatiable in his needs, bearing down coercively on his children and on any woman from whom he might extort sympathy after his wife’s death.In what Spilka calls a â€Å"telling moment†, Virginia Woolf presents in essence â€Å" the brutality of her father’s rages, as she knew them in Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 283 overwhelming fullness after his wife’s death, and the abasement of her mother’s reverence for her truth-telling tyrant, which she had witnessed in childhood† (87). I believe that the father-daughter conflict had also another cause – it was grounded in her father’s social, political and artistic view of women as servants to men, a concept he inherited from the Victorian era.Van Buren claims that â€Å"the love Woolf felt for her father was real, but it was not her dominant feeling toward him, in part because his abusive behavior to the women in his life† (34). According to Oser, the fatherdaughter conflict is Woolf’s artistic representation of the â€Å"philosophical generations clash in the name of truth†, of the violence â€Å"against the establishment, from God on down the ladder of male hierarchy, through mother and family, and into the prison of human nature† (97).To the Lighthouse does indeed open with the image of James, a six-year-old boy, wishing he had some scissors in hand, â€Å"longing to stab his Victorian father† (Oser 97). In Maze’s perspective, â€Å"Woolf’s opposi tion to male chauvinism was a realistic response to the exploitation of her sex, but her feminism did not include a condemnation of maleness in general† (115). It is true that her view, expressed in A Room of One’s Own and Three Guineas, was that â€Å"if men could be cured of their distorted attitude to women, they were capable of love and rationality-like her father.She wished it were possible to cancel out those aspects of his nature that conflicted with his sanity and kindness and prevented her from fully loving him. (Maze 115). It could be that Virginia Woolf wished her father were born on a different era, when women would have been treated differently and her father’s attitude towards his wife and children would also have been different. Lily Brisco’s bitterness is rather aimed at the general Victorian social convention of the status of women as inferior to men, which threatened her position as a female writer in the 1920s.This is why, as Lily becomes more confident in her artistic vision, Mr. Ramsay is depicted in warmer colors; the closer Virginia Woolf is to the symbolical ending of the novel: â€Å"I have had my vision†, the most intimate the father-daughter relationship gets. Van Buren writes about the feelings of â€Å"rage alternating with love† that defined Woolf’s relation to her father (34). Woolf’s need to see them in perspective, and understand both, lies behind much of the portrayal of Mr. Ramsay. The feeling of hatred and anger at her Victorian father must have een a great burden to Woolf herself – she need to somehow annihilate this animosity and reconcile with her father. She shared with Lily that shame and guilt of not being capable of consoling her father after her mother’s death: â€Å"she was ashamed of herself† (153). As Lily suddenly realizes, when remembering â€Å"Mrs. Ramsay’s face – into a rapture of sympathy† which conferred â€Å"the most supreme bliss of human nature was capable† (150), that forgiveness has the greatest possible power to heal and set free, Woolf finds a way out for herself. She felt, just like Lily Briscoe, when Mr.Ramsay told her about the trip to the Lighthouse: â€Å"such expeditions (†¦) are very painful† that she â€Å"could not† sustain this enormous weight of sorrow, support these heavy draperies of grief a moment any longer† (152). She understands that only by getting over her anger and forgiving her parents, her mother for dying abruptly and leaving her alone and her father for demanding too much of her, she could find peace, she could put that peace on the paper as an expression of her ultimate artistic vision. Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 0 #4 May 2009 284 As Mr. Ramsay was standing next to her, waiting for her sympathy, Lily â€Å"could say nothing† and was waiting for James and Cam to rescue her. Suddenly Mr. Ramsay notices that his boot-laces were untied. As a way to release all that tension, Lily exclaims: â€Å"what beautiful boots! † Even thought praising his boots when â€Å"he had asked her to solace his soul; when he had shown her his bleeding hands, his lacerated heart† made Lily feel â€Å"ashamed of herself†, Mr. Ramsay smiled, as his â€Å"draperies, his infirmities fell from him† (153).As Van Buren notices, praising Mr. Ramsay’s boots, which are his passion, his pride, a symbol of his practicality and ingenuity and of his moor-striding self, is to praise him (118). It is true that â€Å"giving what he demanded† did not come easily to Lily. She obviously lacks Mrs. Ramsay’s feminine skills, as she describes herself a â€Å"peevish, ill-tempered, dried-up old maid† (150), â€Å"a stock, stone† (151). Even though â€Å"unlike Mrs Ramsay, Lily has neither the compulsion nor the capacity to cater to the needs of all those who come into contact with her†, she was ble to overcome this â€Å"emotional deficiency† by capturing the vision she needed to capture on the canvas very essence of her memories and necessity to reunite with her father (Rosenthal 114). Her creation is made difficult precisely because of â€Å"her refusal to incorporate Mr Ramsay into the field of her sympathy, to see him not as a dissonant element, but as authentic part of the whole† (Rosenthal 114). In A Room of One’s Own Virginia Woolf made it clear that â€Å"a sensibility irritated by grievance and dislike is not conductive to the creation of art† (qtd. in Rosenthal 115).Rosenthal believes that what she must learn to do is â€Å"precisely what Cam and James must learn to do on the sail to the Lighthouse with their father: to cease to â€Å"resist tyranny to the death† and learn to understand Mr Ramsay with the same kind of loving compassion demonstrated by Mrs Ramsay† (115). In describing his boots, a symbol of all he represented as a man, as a father, as a man of letters, â€Å"sculptured, colossal†, like â€Å"his own indisputability† (153), Mr. Ramsay was also trying to reach to her, to connect with her, to d eserve her attention, her sympathy, her affection.When he â€Å"made her observe that she had never seen boots made quite that shape before†, while lifting his right boot and holding it in the air, Lily felt that â€Å"they reached a sunny island where peace dwelt, sanity reigned and the sun for every one shone, the blessed island of good boots† (154). This moment marked Lily’s reconciliation with Mr. Ramsay and therefore with her own pain and frustration, anger and grief: â€Å"her heart warmed to him† (154). By approaching Lily Briscoe in his own way, by showing her how to tie the laces on his boots, Mr. Ramsay overcomes his selfishness, his constant ignoring of other people’s needs which Mrs.Ramsay found so outrageous in â€Å"The Window†: â€Å"To pursue truth with such astonishing lack of consideration for other people’s feelings, to rend the thin veils of civilization so wantonly, so brutally, was to her so horrible an outrage of human decency that, without replying, dazed and blinded, she bent her head as if to let the pelt of jagged hail, the drench of dirty water, bespatter her unrebuked† (â€Å"To the Lighthouse† 32). Roberta White describes this moment as Lily’s being â€Å"torn between her desire to paint and the demands of a male ego† (97).White claims tha t the ensuing â€Å"boot scene,† in which Lily refuses to pour out sympathy for Mr. Ramsay but distracts and pleases him by praising his well-made boots, shows how much Lily â€Å" has grown in strength over the passing years† (97). By complimenting Mr. Ramsay in an indirect and comradely fashion, Lily is able to offer him some attention without giving in to his demands. As a Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 285 consequence-almost, it seems, as a reward for standing firm-her own small gesture evokes in her a genuine sympathy for him, a feeling based on common humanity rather than gender roles.She suddenly apprehends his loneliness: â€Å"There was no helping Mr. Ramsay on the journey he was going† (†¦). White argues that this scene is crucial, for, unlike the protagonists in earlier novels â€Å"who give in to male demand for attention and put down their paintbrushes, Lily draws upon her own wits to come upon a suitable compromise and get on with her work† (p. 98). Rosenthal states that the completion of Lily’s canvas â€Å"coincides with her ability to think with genuine human warmth about Mr. Ramsay. [Bt the end of the novel] Lily moves to a state of active acceptance of Ramsay and all that he stands for.In doing so, the ‘discomfort of the sympathy which she held undercharged’ is assuaged, permitting her access to that incandescent imaginative state which had previously eluded her† (115). Virginia Woolf had found a rather original approach to resolving the Victorian versus modernist conflict concerning the women artists’ status. She transformed her frustration and anger in art material, she chose to forgive instead of hate, she got closer to her parents as an artist, a closeness possible only due to her artistic rebirth. As Lily gets more confident in her artistic abilities, she becomes stronger as a woman and accepts Mr.Ramsay the way he is, with all his faults and prejudices, not because he chose to, but because he, too, was a victim of the Victorian stereotype that â€Å"women can’t paint, women can’t write† (86). Even if Lily Briscoe is generally treated as an opposite of Mrs. Ramsays, representing the Victorian woman versus the Modern artist, Weinstein claims that Lily is more like Mrs. Ramsay than she thinks or is aware of, as she starts seeing Mr. Ramsay â€Å"as other than threatening to her sense of self† (383). Alice van Van Buren also finds some affinity between the tow female characters when she states that Mr.Ramsay is transformed into a cheerful, kindly man, satisfied by her offering even if Lily answered his demand indirectly, because she â€Å"selected her own methods as wisely as Mrs. Ramsay†, who once answered indirectly his demand that she say â€Å"I love you† by choosing the Lighthouse trip as â€Å"the proper subject with which to declare her affection, an appropriate symbol on that particular day† (117). Victorian or not, Mrs. Ramsay could still equip Lily with a set of valuable survival tools, more appropriately described as universal, than rather attributed to a specific political or social era.Van Buren claims that the boots scene is â€Å"an addition to the draft, one effective in connecting Lily to both Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay† (118). For Lily is reduced to tears when Mr. Ramsay stoops to tie her shoes just as Mrs. Ramsay, in one of her most moving moments with her husband, thinks, â€Å"She was not good enough to tie his shoe strings† (51) when he has just humbled himself before her. Having joined Mrs. Ramsay without giving up any of her own independence, Lily â€Å"has attained a sense of the range of her own abilities, a greater confidence in herself, realizing that a woman may be an artist and still appreciate and soothe a man† (Van Buren 118).So whereas she initially saw the Lighthouse trip from the point of view of James and blamed Mr. Ramsay for â€Å"coercing the spirits of his children†, now she sees it more as Mrs. Ramsay would have, as a chance for connection, and feels annoyed with Cam and James for sulking and disappointing their father (118). Gliserman states that what allows Lily to resolve some of her feelings about Mr. Ramsay is her identification with him-as someone who works hard, as Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 286 someone who abstracts, and as someone who loved Mrs. Ramsay (129).She comes to realize that Mr. Ramsay, like herself, has doubts about the value of his work. She appreciates what he does. Having reached this moment of understanding, Lily will follow Ramsay’s progress to the Lighthouse as she works on her painting; and she will complete her work simultaneous to his arrival there, thus bringing closure to her identification with him. Gliserman also claims that Lily sympathizes with Mr. Ramsay in their common grief for Mrs. Ramsay, whose loss she has not completely assimilated: â€Å"Her initial anger at Mr. Ramsay is a mirror of her own anger for being ungiving and unsympathetic. In a sense she is jealous of his grief, for it openly speaks to his dependency and his love. When Lily’s anger shifts to sympathy, when she sees in Mr. Ramsay what is missing in herself-including his male center, â€Å"something bare, hard† –she can turn to reflect on her loss and complete her work† (129). Abel claims that â€Å"Mr. Ramsay appears humble, not apparently engaged in any struggle, eager only to converse with his daughter† (66). According to Rosenthal, â€Å"it is Mr. Ramsay with his aggressive intellectualism and unyielding demands for pity whom Lily is unable to integrate, either emotionally or imaginatively, into her life† (114). I will argue, however, that in the boots scene Mr. Ramsay is depicted in a great effort to subdue his face and voice and â€Å"all the quick expressive gestures which had been at his command making people pity him and praise him all these years†, which was no easy for him (167). His struggle is with his own character, his own prejudices against women and his Victorian ideology concerning female roles. Maze argues that Leslie Stephen’s stereotype of sexes, his official morality often contradicted his personality and family behavior (114).Jean Love, on the evidence of Stephen’s correspondence with his wife, presents a portrait of him as childishly, even hysterically dependent on Julia and indeed all women close to him. His demands for affection and sympathy over his health or the trials of his profession were insatiable. Many of these demands were couched in a way that made any adequate response impossible. Whatever his wife said to compensate in one direction would be made to appear slighting in another: â€Å"He would complain that his writing, and he himself, had failed†¦.When she praised his writing, he often replied that he complained of failure because he wanted her to pity him and be more affectionate, not because he wanted to hear he was a good writer†. That is, â€Å"an expression of affection as well as of her actual opinion was rejected because the affection was not correctly directed† (qtd. in Maze 114). In order for Woolf to accomplish her cathartic journey, she had to re-experience her feelings toward her father; she had to go back to her initial hatred and animosity to overcome them in the last section of the novel. In the boots scene, Mr.Ramsay is not the gloomy tyrant James hated so fiercely. He is not that selfish king demanding affection and sympathy and not giving anything back. In this scene Woof depicted him in much lighter colors – it could be that in doing so, in trying to remember the times when she was so much attached to him, when she loved him deeply, she was going to that pre-conflict times described in the first chapter. Lily’s warming attitude toward Mr. Ramsay could be interpreted in this context as Woolf’s own attempt to reconcile with her demons, to find compromise between pain and hope, between past and present, between hatred and love. For she needed to forgive, she needed to accept her past in order to move on – this was Journal of International Women’s Studies Vol. 10 #4 May 2009 287 necessary for Virginia the daughter, and she used it a brilliant device to help Virginia – the writer to lay on the paper her healing, her piece of mind. Dalsimer describes Mr Ramsay as â€Å"the personification of Victorian patriarchal culture, and he bears the whole weight of that culture. He is a philosopher of some stature: the extent of his achievement, the measure of that stature, is his endless preoccupation† (10).In the description of her father in A Sketch of the Past, she sums up his strengths and limitations of his mind: â€Å"Give him a thought to analyze, the thought say of Mill or Bentham or Hobbes, and he is †¦ a model of acuteness, clarity, and impartiality. Give him a character to explain, and he is (to me) so crude, so elementary, so conventional that a child with a box of chalks could make a more subtle portrait† (â€Å"Moments of Being† 146). Van Buren argues that his â€Å"limit to the rational kept her father, as she saw him, from any appreciation of the aesthetic aspects of life that were so important to her† (34).He was, she says, â€Å"Spartan, ascetic, puritanical. He had I think no feeling for pictures; no ear for music; no sense of the sound of words† (68). In depicting the narrowness of his vision, his embodiment of a certain, limited, superrational temperament, she also feel she is too harsh in her portrait: â€Å"Undoubtedly I colour my picture too dark, and the Leslie Stephen whom the world saw in the eighties, and in the nineties until my mother died, must have been not merely a Cambridge steel engraving intellectual† (â€Å"Moments of B eing† 113).By showing Lily his boots, by smiling at her and finally giving her the freedom and space she need to concentrate on the white easel, he â€Å"has ceased to threaten her sense of self† (Van Buren 118). In fact she has begun to see herself as he sees himself, standing out â€Å"on a narrow plank, perfectly alone, over the sea† (147). His passion and reason is philosophy; hers is painting; he is trying to reach the letter â€Å"R† and she is trying to put on the canvas her vision. To the Lighthouse culminates with Mr. Ramsay reaching the Lighthouse and Lily Briscoe having her vision.The Ramsay family is reunited and Lily Briscoe realizes that she is not haunted by Mrs. Ramsay’s statement â€Å"women must marry†. As she matures as a painter Virginia Woolf is overcoming her anger and frustration caused by the fact that she didn’t not fit into the generally accepted pattern of the woman’s role in society and in the family life, and especially of the status of women as artists. Feminist scholars have claimed Woolf as one of their own, centering on the political or social feminism in â€Å"A Room of One’s Own† and â€Å"Three Guineas†. How to cite To the Lighthouse, Papers

Jaguar and Land Rovers-Case-Study-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Describe how Jaguar Land Rover leverages the advantages of its Parent Company in seeking New Markets. Can this be a source of disadvantages as well? Answer: As discussed in the case study, Jaguar and Land Rovers going through rough patch in the recent times with the decline in the sales in the emerging countries. However, they are having rich heritage and bad value, which can be effectively leveraged in penetrating in the new markets. Currently, the parent company of Jaguar and Land Rover is TATA group from India (Borah, Karabag Berggren, 2015). They are also generating competitiveness from their current parent company. This is due to the fact that, TATA is having good market hold and presence in their home country along with several other developing countries (Lebedev et al., 2015). Moreover, in the recent global scenario, developing markets are growing more rapidly compared to the developed countries. Thus, with the expertise being possessed by TATA in the developing countries, Jaguar and Land Rover are gaining the access in these markets more effectively. They are using the manufacturing facilities of TATA in the developing countries for targeting the emerging markets. Thus, it helps them in reducing the cost of entering in the new markets along with the reduction in the associated risk (Meyer, 2015). Moreover, the market requirement of the developing market is being effectively determined by them due to the inputs from their parent company. However, apart from having the advantages, there may be some disadvantages also from the above discussed approach of Jaguar and Land Rover. One of the key demerits will be reduction in brand value among the niche market (Batra Khairajani, 2012). This is due to the fact that, the businesses approach of TATA is more towards mass market, however, Jaguar and Land Rover is known for elite markets models. Thus, following the business approach of TATA may pose challenge in maintaining the brand value and targeting strategies of Jaguar and Land Rover in their target niche market. References: Batra, B. S., Khairajani, D. B. (2012). An Understanding of TATA-JLR deal with the concepts of Downsizing, Corporate Culture and Leveraged Buyout.Management,2(3). Borah, D. J., Karabag, S. F., Berggren, C. (2015). Drivers for a successful acquisition: The case of Jaguar Land Rovers acquisition by Tata. In23rd International Colloquium of Gerpisa, Paris, France, 10-12 June 2015. Lebedev, S., Peng, M. W., Xie, E., Stevens, C. E. (2015). Mergers and acquisitions in and out of emerging economies.Journal of World Business,50(4), 651-662. Meyer, K. E. (2015). What is strategic asset seeking FDI?.The Multinational Business Review,23(1), 57-66.