Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Diversity - Essay Example Although UCSB has the least level of statistics as concerns diversity when compared with other campuses of university of California, there has been increased integration and interaction among the student community. The University has endeavored to make every other person welcome and comfortable regardless of such criteria s race, sex, gender, sexual affiliation or economic well-being (The Facts: Diversity 1). In 2007, the University Of California Board Of Regents adopted a policy statement aimed at making the university achieve diversity among both the students and the human resource personnel in all its campuses including UCSB. This is in the form of Principles of Community statements and policies that control the behavior of both the staff and the students and each campus must inform the persons attending or working in it through any suitable mode including newspapers or through notices. The campuses including Santa Barbara must distribute and reaffirm its commitment to the policies and the principles as well as the initiatives to enhance embracing of diversity within the campus. All campuses of the University of California including the campus at Santa Barbara encourage the setting up of a diverse workforce and student population as well as the diversification in faculty ranks. For example, the UC President’s Postdoctoral Fellowship Program encourages students who pursue doctor al studies that are aimed at contributing to diversity are usually rewarded with more scholarships (The Facts: Diversity 2). All the campuses have centers that deal with the affairs of gays, lesbians and transgender studies while most campuses including Santa Barbara have ethnic studies centers to embrace different communities of the student population. At the University of California, Santa Barbara, there is a program to assist freshmen who come from underrepresented groups to meet their academic objectives as well as integrate properly within the campus. The UC Santa Barbara

The Production Of An Alternative Construction Material Economics Essay

The Production Of An Alternative Construction Material Economics Essay To prepare an industry study of all the construction materials currently being used in housing and commercial developments. To review the waste management system in the Philippines and look for areas that are sustainable sources of PET materials. To identify the current drivers and trends of the real estate and construction industry, as well as the Non-government Organizations (NGOs) in order to explore the viability of introducing the EHB products for their construction needs. To prepare a business model for each market segment, namely: (1) Non-government Organizations (NGOs) and (2) Real Estate Developers and Contractors. This MRR is focused on the following market segments: real estate developers, construction companies and NGOs. The study is limited to the Philippines specifically the National Capital Region (NCR) and provinces within a 130 km radius. Other construction materials that have the potential to be used with PET flakes aside from the concrete hollow block are excluded from this study. This MRR focuses on the Ecoblock venture into the Philippine market through the NGOs specifically on housing and development programs; and eventually cater to the local real-estate developers and contractors. Hence the desired outcome of this MRR would be a venture strategy considering the economic conditions, market outlook, competitive analysis, risks analysis and capital sourcing. President Aquinos State of the Nation Address (SONA) last July 2010 highlighted the importance of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP).  [1]  The PPP was seen as an important strategy for infrastructure development. It has also been estimated that the pipeline of PPP projects (infrastructure projects for transportation, water, power, health, and agriculture) for the year 2012 will amount to USD 5.49B. Another factor that can have an effect on these projects is the upcoming election in the year 2013 that can increase government spending on infrastructure developments. Lastly, the issue of corruption (specifically in government infrastructure projects) is seen as an important political factor in the construction industry of the Philippines. The corruption issues of the Philippines regarding infrastructure was discussed during Finance Secretary Cesar Purisimas meeting with Ernie Bower, the senior adviser and director of the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington DC.  [2]  In this meeting, it was cited that the PPPs program of the Philippines will be able to address the current issues on corruption. According to Purisima, the right infrastructures should be accompanied by forward-looking policies for the Philippines to be competitive through highly-viable and promising ventures. It was also made clear that corruption is a major factor that will hinder the gov ernment to increase spending for infrastructure projects. As shown in Figure 1, the Philippines gross domestic product (GDP) decreased from 7.6% in 2010 to 3.7% in 2011. This is due to the negative export growth rates in 2011 that was influenced by the global economic conditions particularly the economic and financial crises in US and Euro countries  [3]  . The domestic factors on the other hand include the decreasing demand and negative growth rate in agricultural production and the under spending of the government in infrastructure projects. Based on the GDP projections of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Asian Development Bank (ADB) and World Bank, the Philippine economy will slightly improve in 2012 due to the support of growth in private consumption (higher OFW remittances), investment, and government spending  [4]  . However, if the debt woes in Europe will worsen and the recovery of the US economy will not be sustained, the Philippines will experience lower exports and foreign investment that may lead to lower GDP growt h. Considering these factors the Philippine government must be able to increase government spending on infrastructure projects to prevent the economy to slow down further. As shown in Figure 2, even if demand in the economy is lower in 2011 due to the lower GDP growth rate, overall prices still increased which was brought about by the increase in prices of petroleum in the global market.  [5]  Looking at the disposable income of Filipinos, if the overall prices increase, the purchasing power will tend to decrease. This might affect the amount of disposable income that might be allocated for house purchase. Based on Figure 2, inflation is lower in the 1st quarter of year 2012. Meanwhile, the 91-day Treasury bill interest rate decreased when the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) attempted to stimulate economic growth. The peso-dollar rate remained stable due to the increase in inflow of remittances. The stability of the peso-dollar rate is very important in the construction industry due to the fact that some of the materials being used in construction are imported. The instability of the peso-dollar rate will affect the price of these materials. As shown in Figure 3, construction output in 2011 went down. This is due to the under spending of the government in infrastructure projects.  [6]  The construction-to-GDP ratio decreased from 5.7% to 5.2%. The increase in government spending can increase the GDP for the coming years. Growth of other industries will also open opportunities for the construction industry. As shown in Table 1, the tourism industry, the Business Process Outsourcing (BPO), and the mining industry are continuously experiencing growth which may lead to more construction projects. For the tourism industry alone, 47 hotels with 14,000 rooms will be constructed by the year 2013.  [7]   Due to the Philippines stronger financial position, the Standard and Poor raised the Philippines international debt rating to one notch below investment grade (BB+).  [8]  According to the DBS Group, the Philippines can achieve investment-grade credit rating with a year or two. Once this is achieved, more investments will flow to the country. The social factors that we will be considering in this study will give emphasis on the population growth rate, age profile, and housing backlog in the Philippines and try to correlate them with the construction industry in the country. As of July 2011 the Philippines has an estimated total population of 103.775 million and out of this, 11.86 million reside in the National Capital Region (NCR). The Philippines has an average population growth rate of 1.9% and the NCR has an average population growth rate of 1.78%. The majority of the population in the Philippines belongs to the working class (15-64 years: 61.1% or 62,201,170 as of 2010). This is the portion of society who are about to start their own families until those who are about to retire from their respective careers. People in this segment are also the ones who have the capacity to invest in residential developments. As of 28 December 2011 Philippines housing backlog is currently 3.6 million.  [9]  The government will tap shelter agencies like the Housing and Urban Development Coordination Council (HUDCC), the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB), the Pag-ibig Fund, the Social Housing Finance Corporation, the National Housing Authority, the Home Guaranty Corporation, and the National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation to reduce the housing backlog by 50% with an annual target of 350,000 housing units. To achieve this, the Aquino administration highlighted the need for more PPP programs to use the underutilized government lands. The insufficiency of available funding resulted to this housing backlog. The government needs Php 1.7 trillion to address the Philippines housing needs. In 2011, several typhoons and flash floods occurred in the Philippines between May and September. The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) will develop recovery and rehabilitation projects for victims of flash floods in NCR and other provinces with a total of 187,008 families. Also, projects will be developed for the victims of typhoons that entered the country, which affected 1.4 million families  [10]  . Last June 28, 2012, the general membership meeting of the Philippine Constructors Association (PCA) was held to discuss the current issues that the industry currently faces. In this meeting, innovation was considered as a driver of productivity. According to Executive Director Cosette V. Canilao, the players of the industry must be able to re-evaluate their resources and processes to make it more efficient, responsive and relevant to the present stringent requirements of the industry.  [11]  Regarding PPP for infrastructure projects, the government must demand from its private partners new technologies that will accelerate delivery time while ensuring public safety. However, Canilao also recognized the fear of being the first to try something different. With this, he emphasized that those players who will not invest in technological innovation might be left behind at bidding time. According to the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), the Philippines may adopt new construction trends in Japan, particularly on the latest technology on roads and bridge construction.  [12]  The construction and engineering technologies from Japan through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) will help the Philippines build disaster-resilient infrastructures that would mitigate the effects of climate change. Technological innovation in the Philippines doesnt only happen with government projects, private manufacturers of construction materials also try to innovate the products and processes to improve the product offering. Cement manufacturers like the Holcim Group created a green sustainable solution for cement.  [13]  The company is trying to minimize the impact of cement manufacturing in the environment. The company focuses on bringing down carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by reducing the clinker factor by using mineral components as alternative materials.  [14]  Innovation on the use of raw materials was accompanied by improvement in the process namely: (1) use of alternative fuels; (2) co-processing; and (3) quarry habilitation policy. Co-processing is considered as a globally accepted technology that helps the company process water streams in the cement kilns to properly dispose hazardous industrial wastes.  [15]  The quarry habilitation policy would ensure that the quarry sites can be used productively by the community before they are completely mined out. Holcim Philippines was the first company to submit a Final Mine Decommissioning and Rehabilitation Plan to the Department of Natural Resources (DENR), which will serve as a blueprint in restoring quarry sites. Land development and construction have a direct impact on the environment wherein land conversion from agricultural to urban and residential greatly reduces bio-capacity (ability of the land to produce food and other resources for the society).  [16]  Because of this, sustainable land development is becoming more important in the construction industry. The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) and Ayala Land, Inc. (ALI) developed an ALI Sustainability Framework to chart, monitor, and report the companys progress in sustainable land development. The increasing awareness about environmental impact of construction activities will eventually affect the way residential and commercial developments are built. In 2006, the Philippine Green Building Council (PHILGBC) was formed as a national non-profit organization through the alliance of building and construction industry leaders from the private and public sector.  [17]  This organization was formed to ensure an ecologically and economically sustainable industry. This resulted to a local green building rating system that is now called Building for Ecologically Responsive Design Excellence (BERDE). The BERDE scheme will serve as a benchmark for all property developers in the country. Last August 17-19, 2011, the first Philippine International Total Green Movement Exhibition and Conference was held at the SMX Convention Center, Mall of Asia Complex in Manila. The joint venture of the Philippine Constructors Association, Inc. (PCA), Global-Link Exhibitions Specialist, Inc. (GESI), Philippine Society of Ventilating, Air-conditioning, Refrigerating Engineers, Inc. (PSVARE), Philippine Center for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development, Inc. (PCEPSDI), and Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME) Manila, created the Green Philippines 2011.  [18]  This event featured four exhibit segments on construction (Green Construct), manufacturing (Green Manufacturing), lifestyle (Green lifestyle), and energy (Green Energy). Also, last August 16-17, 2011, the 2nd Sustainable Building Technology Conference was held that invited international sustainability experts to discuss the best practices for a green industry. These events would show that the players in the c onstruction industry are already leaning towards environment friendly development projects. The construction industry is one of the most hazardous and risky occupations in the country. With this, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWG), the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI), the Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE), and the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) signed a Memorandum of Agreement last May 4, 2011 to strengthen the campaign to minimize accidents in construction activities. This MOA aims to promote the welfare of construction workers and prevent the recurrence of construction-related incidents, notably the ones that recently killed or severely injured workers early 2012.  [19]  Also, this MOA is an off-shoot of DOLE Department Order No. 13 (which provides the Guidelines Governing Occupational Safety and Health in the Construction Industry) and aims to intensify the holistic and extensive execution of the policies and programs set forth in D.O. No. 13 in construction sites. The construction industry in the Philippines is currently leaning toward ecological friendly materials due to the global campaign to save the environment. The materials that are available range from pre fabricated walls and blocks to bricks that is considered to be the oldest building material used. The pre-fabricated walls and blocks use polystyrene as an aggregate that is added to the concrete mixture to produce a lighter and insulating product. Reinforced fire bricks are also one of the common construction materials that are used in construction of homes. Reinforced bricks are made of industrial wastes such as rice hull, coal ash, silt, mud and clay. The existing market for pre-fabricated walls and blocks are the contractors for commercial buildings and high-rise residential buildings. There are also some contractors that use pre-fabricated materials for home construction but the homeowners still prefer to use concrete hollow blocks (CHB) because of the high cost of the pre-fabricated material. The walls are pre-ordered by the contractor and are sometimes manufactured on site to avoid delivery expenses. On the other hand, the reinforced firebricks are used in home construction. This material is usually specified by the people who belong to the higher class of society mainly because of the price of this construction material. Pre-fabricated walls are used in exterior and interior applications in building construction. The lighter wall means that the foundations of a building project could be smaller due to the reduction in weight that the foundation needs to support. Installation time for the pre-fabricated wall is shorter compared to using conventional materials in wall construction. The product is smoother and does not need additional plastering (only the joints require additional concrete) because of the smooth finish that these walls generally have. The pre-fabricated walls also serve as good insulators that result to less energy consumption. A notable disadvantage of using this product, aside from the cost, is that the sizes that are available are only limited and could not be cut to size. The advantages of using reinforced fire brick in construction is that it uses less cement and is stronger than concrete. Bricks are also weather resistant and are considered to be ideal in tropical countries like t he Philippines because it slowly absorbs heat to keep the inside of the house cooler. Bricks do not need cement plastering and the walls do not need to be painted. The disadvantage of using this material is the high cost. Even if it requires less cement and no paint the cost of the material is still higher compared to common construction materials used. In the Philippines, CHB remains as a backyard industry because it is easy to produce, especially the non-load bearing CHB. The CHB can be produced manually by using an improvised mold. In producing a non-load bearing CHB, a mixture of sand, gravel, cement, and water can be manually compressed using the improvised mold. There are three reasons why CHB is still being used in construction, namely: (1) cost; (2) availability; and (3) ease of installation and handling. CHB still remains as the a cheaper choice in construction of a concrete house. As a backyard industry, CHB is available nationwide with similar product specifications. Lastly, CHB is a traditional product. With this, majority of the laborers or construction workers are familiar with CHB in construction. The familiarity of the laborers with a product is the main reason why CHB is still being used. The demand for quality, economy, and completion time are the major considerations for all construction projects that usually dictate the choice of technology  [20]  . The traditional construction material currently being used for construction projects is the CHB. Based on the interview with key players in the real estate industry, another alternative is the pre-fabricated walls. For fabricated walls, the entire wall is built off- site or on-site before installation as compared to CHB that are stacked one on top of another. In the Philippines, only 5% are using prefabricated building material in housing construction  [21]  . Over the years, different types of construction materials have been offered containing recycled plastic, such as PVC pipes. Recycling is especially important for thermoset polymers since this form of plastic cannot be reheated and melted back to liquid form. In the Philippines and in other countries, shredded plastic has been used as aggregates for bricks and construction blocks. Most of these, however, are not widely offered commercially and are not load bearing. The demand for this product is readily accessible in most areas and the market is sensitive only to the price relative to the quality of the product they receive. At present the 4-6inchconcrete hollow blocks prices are standard for all and vary only between the volume suppliers and the backyard suppliers because of their respective approach to the business. The buyers of the product favor the suppliers who are nearer to them (because of transportation costs) and if satisfied with the quality they retain their suppliers. However there are instances where the buyer changes suppliers in lieu of quality issues for this reason, industry rivalry will be considered medium. The technical skill and labor required isnt advanced nor does it require highly specialized machines to deliver the product, the only obstacle is the cash required to: 1) purchase the hollow block maker and; 2) to secure working capital requirements. The cost of a concrete block mixer is between Php30,000-P40,000, and a mold container would be approximately Php5,000 per piece. Normally a block maker can start a small-time business with 6 molds which is equivalent to Php30,000 therefore a backyard business can start at a Php60,000 investment excluding working capital. The disadvantage of this practice is it sacrifices the quality/durability of the blocks due to the lack of compression of the block being formed thereby resulting in a lower PSI rating. The difficulty in securing funding for this particular business is high because the business is not unique while the returns in this type of business do not instantly translate to high growth profits. The local venture capitalists who provide seed capital to startups look to sunrise industries such as the BPO sector and IT services delivery, or the next big website investment. The prospects of a potential participant to capture market share will primarily be on their ability to reduce the cost of their concrete hollow block while maintaining a reasonable quality and service. In order to achieve this, the potential participant must have a large base of clients in order to achieve economies of scale in their production of quality products and a person who will provide assistance to the client to ensure proper delivery and satisfaction, a backyard hollow block maker will not be able to be competitive and for this reason the threat of new entrants is rated as medium taking into consideration these factors. Some projects outsource their hollow block while others make it onsite. While it is preferred to buy the product in order to avoid the cost of investment and taking into consideration that there is abundant supply for this product (but at varying prices depending on which type of supplier: backyard supplier, volume supplier or a wholesaler, and depending on the volume purchase of the buyer the bargaining power of buyer is medium given the availability of a quality product in the market. The demand for reasonably priced hollow blocks are assumed to be growing at 10.5% and construction materials 5.4% which supports the argument that demand is good. Another consideration is that the real-estate residential development is in the form of condominiums and they make use other products such as pre-fabricated walls instead of hollow blocks. The construction boom doesnt directly translate to increased hollow block use and the prices of hollow block are generally stable therefore for these reasons the suppliers bargaining power is low. The bargaining power of cement and sand suppliers remain low since there are abundant sources for these suppliers. The PET flakes suppliers have a medium bargaining power since they are less abundant than the cement and sand suppliers. Moreover, the local PET suppliers have different methods in shredding and cutting the plastic such that those suppliers that have the ability to shred PET flakes at a certain size have a stronger bargaining power than others. For the low cost housing sector and other housing projects hollow blocks are still preferred. The emerging sector of high-rise residential projects make use of pre-fabricated products and gypsum boards however the market share of these products is only 5% for construction materials, therefore the threat of substitutes are rated medium. The success in this industry will be in the costing of the product and the quality. In order to reduce the overall cost of the product there is a need to meet operation efficiency and effective marketing in order to achieve economies of scale that will bring down overall costs for our firm while producing a good quality product. Opportunities Emphasis on PPP programs for government infrastructure projects Good forecast for the tourism, BPO, and mining industry Movement towards sustainable community development The use of plastic as an aggregate is not yet widely introduced in the Philippines The high amount of investment on PPP programs is seen as a good opportunity for the construction materials industry. For year 2012, several PPP projects are in the pipeline, namely: (1)14 projects on transportation; (2) 2 projects on utilities-water (3) 2 projects on power; 1 project on health; and (4) 2 projects on agriculture that amounted to USD 5.49B will increase the demand for construction materials. These PPP programs will also serve as an opportunity for private companies to increase their annual construction projects. The growth of three industries, namely: (1) tourism industry; (2) BPO; and (3) mining industry will also contribute to the growth of the construction materials industry. The increasing annual foreign tourist arrivals and domestic travelers opted for the increased in resorts, hotels, and condominiums. The increase in number of accommodation facilities was accompanied by the Republic Act of 9593 or Tourism Act of 2009 wherein the roads that are not initially classified as national but lead to tourism sites, airports, and seaports will be improved which will be included in the DPWH budget for 2012.  [22]  For the BPO, construction of commercial buildings is also expected to increase to meet the demand of the industry. The investment of the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) would show that the mining still remains as a promising industry (Table 1). Investment on mining would result to more office sites and barracks for mining companies. The movement towards building more sustainable developments is seen as an improvement for the construction industry. New technologies for products and processes will help improve the viability of construction projects in the Philippines. By focusing on the impact of construction of the environment, the need for environment-friendly products may increase as the industry try to include the societys welfare in planning construction projects. The use of plastic as an aggregate is currently being used in Germany. However, this new aggregate is not yet widely introduced in the Philippines. This is seen as an opportunity for the company to introduce a product with more benefits than the existing products in the market. Threats Competition (large companies) Emergence of new products Competition especially against large competitors is seen as a major threat because these companies are already established in the industry. New companies that may introduce new products in the market may face difficulties especially if these products are not patented. Large companies can simply launch the same product at a larger scale. The availability of funding for these large companies will give them an advantage to produce more products. The more products a company manufactures, the opportunity to capture a larger market is bigger. Also, large companies can be seen as good suppliers for developers and contractors who want a steady supply of materials. Even if CHB currently remains as the primary choice for wall construction, emergence of new products as a substitute may pose as a threat for the CHB market. Even if only 5% in Philippines uses prefabricated building components in housing construction, the boom in the construction industry may increase the market for pre-fabricated walls. Across time, if more housing developments will be built using pre-fabricated walls, the demand for CHB may decrease. The cost of the EHB is at P5.90 per unit. The cost of direct labor is the largest at P2.52 per unit, followed by raw materials at P2.12 and factory overhead at P1.26. The key assumptions for these figures are assuming that 2,991,150 units of hollow blocks will be manufactured for the year. The hollow blocks will be used for 5,175 houses which represent only a conservative 5% of Gawad Kalingas projected housing projects. The cost of EHB at the end of the third year of operations will be at P4.94 assuming that quantity manufactured has grown to 4,307,206 units. The cost savings is achieved mostly on the labor side at P1.91 per unit (24% savings from P2.52per unit) brought about by more productivity. The hollow block machines full capacity for one year is 9,000,000 of hollow blocks, therefore as long as quantity improves to no greater than this amount, economies of scale can be achieved since there is little reason for labor and overhead costs to increase. Currently the market price for concrete hollow blocks is at P13.30 per unit which is 56% more than the cost of our EHB, the EHB is projected to sell at the CHB market price therefore we feel this cost is competitive enough to be in business. The pricing of EHB will not be lower since the EHB is a superior product compared to the CHB nor will be priced higher since the market may still be critical of the product in its launching phase therefore the best entry strategy is to price it aggressively at par with the CHB market price There is a 21% cost savings per square meter with the use of EHB versus CHB. This is based on Table 2. The addition of PET flakes lessens the requirement for both cement (27% less cost) and sand (32.7% less cost). Additional savings is realized from the labor cost on painting, layering and plastering in hollow block aggregate components, which lead to an overall reduction in cost per square meter. The Filipino construction materials market experienced an annual growth of 6.54% but is expected to witness a more sustainable growth of 5.36% until year 2015  [23]  . Being a supply-driven industry, supply of construction materials come from local suppliers based on the location of the project. However, with the boom in the construction industry (10.5% average annual growth rate), smaller projects like GK projects experience sh

Syrian Civil War: Causation Essay example -- arab republic, ottoman rul

Middle East Project: Syrian Civil War: Causation After four hundred years of indecisive Ottoman rule, and three decades fighting the mandate of the French, the many diverse peoples of Syria finally could call Syria their own. Yet, independence was not synonymous with peace. Without a common enemy, the Syrian people remembered their differences and began to squabble amongst themselves. Even now, seven decades after the formation of the Syrian Arab Republic, peace is yet but a far-flung dream. In June of 2000, then-President Hafez al-Assad, of the previous Ba’ath Party, passed away and his title was left, through an unfortunate accident, in the hands of his second, less determined son, Bashar al-Assad. With his death came strife. Powerful clashing forces previously kept quashed by Ba’ath Party Rule began to emerge yet again, and Syria was plunged into conflict. The Syrian civil war crisis, commonly accepted to have begun with the rule of Bashar al-Assad, had roots in history extending past Hafez al Assad (Ba’ath Party Ruling) and, through a combination of external pressures, environmental and foreign, and internal inconsistency and weakness blossomed into the situation today. The Ba’ath Party, the name Arabic for â€Å"Renaissance† or â€Å"Resurrection† (Polk), was founded in 1947 by Michel Aflaq, a Syrian teacher whose views on nationalism gained him support from Arabs across the area (â€Å"Profile†). Quickly merging with other parties, the now-Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party became real competition to its opposition as its popularity surged among students of the nation. Historically, as Syrian people were (and are) extremely diverse, a wide range of opinions on nationalism and religion have been presented, each addressing a different aspect of ... ...LIO, 2014. Web. 5 Mar. 2014. "Urban and Rural Human Geography in Syria." News and Events: Point of View. Geography Services, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. . Warner, Andy. "Syria’s First Family." Slate. SlateGroup, n.d. Web. 21 Mar. 2014. . Washington Post. "Syrian Civil War: A Rising Death Count." Washington Post. Washington Post, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. . Zahler, Kathy. The Assads' Syria. Minneapolis: Twenty-First Century, 2010. Print. Dictatorships. Zuhur, Sherifa. "Bashar al-Assad." World History: The Modern Era. ABC-CLIO, 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2014.

Emotions In The Things They Carried Essay

In his story â€Å"The Things They Carried†, Tim O’Brien, enlightens the reader with the many faces and emotions of men. Although men are normally thought upon as the stronger of the two sexes; physically and emotionally, O’Brien lets us realize that this is not so. Men are weak in even the strongest of situations. And in this case, the situation is war. War is the main theme of the story. Masculinity in the story The ‘soldiers’ mentioned are victims of many emotions, for example, love, hatred, stress, depression, etc. They realize how important love and real-life relationships are. Most men who are prey to long lost love, try to let go of their past and focus only on their duties in vain. As they walk through the streets of Vietnam, they carry with themselves the basic necessities of survival and souvenirs to remind them of home. During these marches, they dispose of some of their supplies because they are aware that they will soon gain much more. War is like a game to the soldiers, there are always winners and losers. It can be played with many different tactics. It is all a matter of luck and strategy. But it is not all that bad. Some of the soldiers, who leave, return soon because the peace ‘hurts’ them too much. And for some, the war is far too much to handle. This is mainly due to the losses they experience. Death is a frightening incident which occurs most often bringing with it tears of pain and stress. The soldiers are afraid of killing as well. The first kill is always the hardest to bear. These soldiers imagine what kind of a life their enemies led before getting involved into such a situation. Deep, dark marks are left within the hearts of these soldiers as they spend endless days on the battlefields. Voegele quotes O’Brien as talking about fear, â€Å"In many respects this was the heaviest burden of all, for it could never be put down.† (Voegele). The soldiers have dreams about escaping the brutal nature and reality of war because they are unable to remove fear from their hearts. Most of the time, there are petty quarrels that take place, some leading to physically fights, which soon lead to renewed friendships, trust and written pacts, and then ending in death and sorrow. Voegele quotes O’Brien provides the weight of the objects which the soldiers carry by saying â€Å"The weapon weighed 7.5 pounds unloaded, 8.2 pounds with its full 20 round magazine. The riflemen carried anywhere from 12 to 20 magazines†¦adding on another 8.4 pounds at minimum, 14 pounds at maximum.† (Voegele). The story above portrays the masculine romance of the soldier as it portrays the tough and brutal nature of their experience in war. These soldiers have to be tough and brave in the battlefield in order to prove that they are worthy males. Experience of war O’Brien gives a graphic portrait of the experience of war by mentioning the weight of the things which the soldiers carry. The soldiers also have to face other external factors like the weather during the time of war â€Å"They carried the sky. The whole atmosphere†¦they carried gravity.† (Voegele). However according to O’Brien the soldiers have several emotional problems which are much heavier for them than the physical things they carry. â€Å"Grief, terror, love, longing these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weigh.† (Voegele). Many different stories are discussed and the lust for women is often brought up during camp talks. But many stories of lost and dead soldiers are never spoken of. Sometimes out of fear, sometimes out of respect, and sometimes out of sheer disappointment and misunderstanding. These stories, burdened by the soldiers sometimes drive them into a negative attitude. Most of these soldiers tend to commit suicide. â€Å"That night when Kiowa got wasted, I sort of sank down into the sewage with him† (O’Brien, pg. 156). The author describes his feelings of when he lost a true friend due to a sudden attack. Kiowa had drowned into the depths of the sewage during this attack. Although O’Brien had tried to help, the smell was excruciating to him. In the story, there is also specifically rumors of a girl smuggled into Vietnam by a soldier are brought up. This ‘soldier’ had to spend a large sum of money into getting his girlfriend there. He warned about how dangerous it was. All the men are duly jealous of the young couple. Superstition is common among the men. They keep certain ‘things’ with them at all times, believing these items may bring them luck. To a few of them, they actually do bring luck! But religion is also a big part of these soldiers’ lives. They chat about how one day; they would like to be monks and priests, and about how they would like to help people and be kind to them instead of killing anyone and anything that came in their way. As the war wages on, the soldiers try to find amusement in the harshness around them. The camps they set around for themselves are of unpleasant surroundings. From the ruthless weather, to the creepy crawlies and even then unbearable stenches, these soldiers have witnessed it all. They joke about the times they had almost died or had cried out of fear of facing death during combat. Most of these men undergo many changes, especially in their personalities. Some of the soldiers like Norman Bowler were decent and law abiding citizens when they were civilians. But this man transformed himself into a heartless creature and around his neck he carried a thumb which had been removed from the body of a Viet Cong guerilla fighter. The Viet Cong guerilla fighter was only a teenager. Bowler was very proud of his first kill. But there were also others, like Lieutenant Jimmy Cross, who had been sensitive during their civilian life. But the effects of war do not change them into animals. They stay the same, lovable humans, hoping for an escape into the arms of their loved ones. But when they face their enemies, regardless of their age or gender, these soldiers are emotionless beasts. They even torture human babies, mostly orphan infants, brutally. O’Brien refers to the babies as a ‘young water buffalo’. Readers will find the story to be devoid of any emotions as the American soldiers engage in torture and brutality for sports and recreation. However, these men tend to feel awful afterwards. They think over what they have done and regret these events so much that they end up hurting themselves in order to finally escape this reality. While some, make all the killing seem like child’s play. And later, all these men share and relate their own life stories to the people they kill during the war. This, according to O’Brien, brings them back to life. He based his life on one motto, â€Å"Once you’re alive, you can’t ever be dead† (O’Brien, pg. 244). Tim O’Brien does not believe in death. The soldiers, even tough are fighting day and night for their country; feel that it is useless to wage this war. They cannot find any real reasons as to why they are there, except that they were appointed to this duty without any consideration. This lack of purpose also drives the men into insanity. When finally, the war comes to an end, the soldiers return home to again lead a ‘normal civilian’ life. But the bitter memories of Vietnam prevent these men from ever being sane again. The war has cast a heavy shadow over the hearts of these once good-willed, god-fearing men. Although, most of the story is fictional, Tim O’Brien portrays to his readers the cruelty of war. He wants people to understand how it felt to experience death, so that they could finally accept it. He tries to share his feelings and the feelings of his fellow soldiers through detached words. He talks of the torture and pain, the crying and screaming, the innocent civilian families watching their loved ones being put to death in front of their eyes aware that their turn is soon to come. The experience of war is romanticized in the novel as the author provides an account of the experiences of soldiers. These soldiers are living in hell but they have a clear concept of the culture of war. They know that they are making history by becoming participants of war. Conclusion This story clearly states that even men are feeble creatures who fall victim to emotions no matter what they do. The life of a soldier may seem to be filled with hardships and killing. But no one really knows the truth behind the lifeless eyes. We, civilians wonder what it might be like out their on the battlefield and how these soldiers live their lives without emotion. When, in reality, they share as much emotion as any normal human being would. They fear the blood shed around them. Some display their feelings and confess their love and fears, while others decide to hide themselves by displaying a merciless attitude. Every experience is hard for them. Every new day is a bigger challenge. If the cards are not played right, there is a loss, sometimes many losses. The story is an important reminder about the horrors and brutalities of war. It tells us how war changes the experiences of soldiers. Works Cited O’Brien. Tim. The Things They Carried. Broadway. (1998) Voegele, Jason. Thoughts on The Things They Carried. Copyright  © Jason Voegele Retrieved 16th August 2008 http://www.jvoegele.com/essays/things.html

Value of Friendship

Kayla Saeteurn Friendship is the Value of Life â€Å"They're a rotten crowd', I shouted across the lawn. You're worth the whole damn bunch put together. † † F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby Everyone places value on something for very different reasons. The most significant thing is what our values are and the importance we give to those values. So many things that we think have so much value, really have transient value, and we overlook the things of true and lasting importance. We should always place great value on what is real and genuine. Mostly everyone places great value on life.So hat's the value of life? I believe the value of life consists of many qualities. To me, the main value of life is friendship. Friendships bond the world together by the tie of promises and morality between people. It causes the world to connect in so many diverse ways it is unbelievable. For example, long lasting friendships can be created by Just meeting in a coffee shop or at a gro cery store. The connection with another can give you the ability to see yourself as others see you, and only then you would know how exceptionally special you are.Life is filled and fortified with friendships, rom the first friendships with your parents and family, to your childhood friends, and even teachers. The meaningful outcome of friendship made me realize different goals in my life and profoundly shaped me into who I am today. There's always that one friend that surpasses every other person youVe ever met in your life. The person who has constantly believed in you with all their heart and soul. The one who can lift your spirits by Just saying a few simple words and being there through tenacious struggles that life hurls at you.Typically, that one friend is called your best friend. I would say I have the greatest friend of all time. I know its clich ©, but she's the one person that has made the biggest difference in my life. She's the person that gave me a whole new outlook on life which caused me to make wise decisions for myself and not others. The effect of my best friend has led me to meaningful aspirations and the ambition to always be the best I can be without losing who I am. So basically, this implicates how friendships benefit the world and creates a humbling connection that bonds people together and can sometimes make you reevaluate life.I believe friends can change who you are for the better, whether egatively or positively, the people you surround yourself with have an evocative influence on where your life takes you. A friend can be one of the most goal aspiring and motivational person that encourages you to be a better person. My best friend Specifically, I believe my best friend got me to where I am today. I was a hopeless person that was indecisive of whether to do bad actions or to lose my former friend that never really cared about the true meaning of our friendship. My former friend, which I surrounded myself with was known for the b ad habit of shoplifting and theft.IVe known this girl ever since the third grade and I was great friends with her ever since the incident. Knowing right from wrong, I made the most idiotic and regretful decision of my life, I chose to go in the wrong direction by choosing not to lose her as a friend, and to shoplift. During my friendship with my former friend, our â€Å"hanging out† consisted of going to the mall to rip the tags off items and stuff them in our purses until our purses were too full to fit anything else. The adrenaline of walking through the exits of a store without getting caught really gave my former friend and I a rush.This addicting, yet horrible habit, got the best of me and led me to getting caught at a local store. I had to call my parents and pay a shoplifting fine of $250. Unfortunately, by associating myself with shoplifting, I destroyed my life because of my actions. I'm not putting all the blame on my former friend because, it was my choice to shopl ift and I made the decision that led to the outcome of my stupendous actions. I take all the blame for the brainless choices I made. It was my fault that I surrounded myself with a negative person most of my life.One of the worse things was that my family and former riends at school, assumed I was going to steal their things and they kept my mistake in the back of their mind for years. I was left trying to find a way for my family and friends at school to put their trust in me and realize I transformed into a whole different person and IVe honestly never felt better. Although, the incident led to everyone losing trust in me, the only person who still believed in me was my best friend of four years. She was the only person that still had faith in me and was there for me when no one else was.She was always my number one supporter and ally. My est friend has literally made the biggest difference in my life. I owe it all to her that IVe developed into a person with goals and ambitions t o always improve as a person. I wouldn't be who I am today if I didn't have my best friend. I realized that by stepping away from pessimistic people and bad actions, I have become a more structured and overall better person. I honestly believe the greatest thing in life is friendship. The moral importance of friendship is that you bond and connect with other people and that kind of relationship can make an enormous impact on your life.Although, it's rare to find a friendship that is long lasting, life changing, and true, that doesn't mean that it won't be meaningful or genuine. One of my favorite quotes is â€Å"To the world you are someone, but to someone you are the world. † By a random woman named Lisa. This quote really explains how friendship and love isn't Just one sided. We are all important and we all deserve the gift of a true friend that loves you for who you are and brings out the very best of you. We always see the worst in ourselves, that's why we need someone to prove us wrong. Friendship is the value of life.

Binary form

Binary form is one of two kinds of music. It normally has two parts that are complementary to each other usually signified by AB. There are four different types of binary form. These forms are known as sectional, continuous, symmetrical, and asymmetrical. In sectional binary form, the first section (A) will end on the tonic triad. If it is continuous binary form, then it will end on anything but the tonic triad in the first part (A). In symmetrical binary form, the first part of the form (A) will go back and forth between the tonic chord and the dominant chord. In the second part of symmetrical binary form, it will gradually find its way back to the tonic chord. Therefore making it very even on both sides of the form. However, in asymmetrical binary form, the second part (B) is commonly made longer than the first by dividing the second part (B) into two sections. The first sub section of the second part (B), starts on the dominant chord and gradually mutates until! it cadences in a related key. The second subsection of the second part (B), starts on the tonic chord but does not relate melodically to the first part (A). Binary form is most commonly found in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries during the Classical and some of the Baroque period (Wolf 95). Ternary is the second kind of the two types of music. It normally has three parts that are typically labeled ABA. The theory behind this structure is an idea of statement contrast return (Kotska and Payne 338). It is commonly found that the second part (B) is out of character from the first part (A) and the third part (C). There are basically two different kinds of ternary form. They are as follows: sectional, and continuous. In sectional ternary form, the first part (A) will end on the tonic chord. A special case of sectional ternary form is called minuet and trio. In thi

Northeastern Indians essays

Northeastern Indians essays Northeastern Indians The Northeastern Indians are the Indians who live in the Northeast part of the United States. The area consists of three types of land: the coast of the ocean, fertile valleys and forests. Therefore, their three main occupations were fishing, farming and hunting. No one is exactly sure how the Northeastern Indians got there in the first place. Some believe they migrated from northeastern Asia to Alaska and then to the Americas. Others believe that they are descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel while others think they can be traced to a colony of Welshmen founded by Prince Madoc in 1170. At one time there were 39 tribes living in the Northeast. They spoke basically two languages: Iroquoian and Algonquian. This report will focus on the Iroquois Indians who lived in the Northeast Woodlands. Today this part of our country is called upper New York State. The Iroquois Indians were actually a nation of Indians made up of five tribes. These tribes were the Senecas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Cayugas and Mohawks. These tribes kept fighting with each other until they joined together to become the Iroquois League in about 1570. Then instead of fighting with each other, they started fighting with their neighbors (other Indian tribes). The Iroquois had a society where the women were in charge. Kinship was determined through the mother and women owned all property. Each of the five tribes was further divided into three groups: turtle, bear and wolf. A matriarch headed each clan and the women of the clan chose these leaders. The Iroquois lived in villages that were pretty permanent and only moved when the soil dried out or there was war. They built log walls all around their villages. The wall had only one opening. They could quickly close this opening if their enemies came near. In 1600, the height of the Iroquois nation, the population was about 20,...

Press Release September 2nd 2014 †Launch of Freelancer Profiles

Press Release September 2nd 2014 – Launch of Freelancer Profiles Press Release: September 2nd 2014 – Launch of Freelancer Profiles LONDON - 2/9/2014Self-publishing startup Reedsy officially launches today! Reedsy is excited to release to the public the first version of its website, progressively inviting editors and designers to join their marketplace over the course of the next 48 hours.Increasingly, authors are realising that publishing professionals don’t just work at the big publishing houses. This is what is making quality self-publishing possible. But where can authors find them? How do they know who they’re working with?That’s where Reedsy comes in. It helps authors collaborate with expert editors, book designers, marketers and translators to take their books to another level. Reedsy will only work with certified, industry-experienced freelancers so authors can find the best partners for their project.Reedsy will start by opening its marketplace to editors and book designers, the services no author can go without. Freelancers who are invited to the beta can sign up and create beautifu l profile pages. They can display the books they’ve worked on, the professional associations they belong to, and talk about the types of projects they’re looking to take on. Reedsy will be the first curated marketplace for publishing freelancers of its kind.But Reedsy’s founders’ vision is even more ambitious. â€Å"Reedsy will be an author’s secret weapon,† said Ricardo Fayet, one of the company’s co-founders. â€Å"Authors, whether they’re self-published or traditionally published, are only as good as the people they work with. Being a great writer is just one part of succeeding as an independent,† Ricardo said. â€Å"In a few weeks, we will be opening to authors, and letting them connect with our network of freelancers.†In time, authors will be able to use Reedsy as one place from which to manage every step of the publishing process. â€Å"We are working on a purpose-built eBook editor to make author-editor co llaboration easier than ever,† says Emmanuel Nataf.â€Å"It’s time to shake things up in the publishing industry. We want to combine the high standards of traditional publishing and the freedom and author-driven creativity of self-publishing. We want to take the ‘self’ out of self-publishing† concluded Emmanuel.Reedsy was founded by Emmanuel Nataf, Ricardo Fayet, Matthew Cobb, and Vincent Durant in 2014. They work from IDEALondon in Shoreditch, London. In May they joined Seedcamp, Europe’s top accelerator, and are financially backed by Seedcamp and Scottish publisher DC Thomson. They have previously been covered by Techcrunch and ShakeupTV.For more information contact Ricardo Fayet at ricardo@reedsy.com, or on +447957074543

Dell Boy Computers Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Dell Boy Computers - Case Study Example (Whitehead, 1997) Dell Boy Computers relies on its brand name, the promise of support and its massive market presence to balance higher costs. As Dell Boy Computer Company is selling into an increasingly sophisticated and price-sensitive marketplace, it needs to do forward integration to market its profitable high-end computer products. To fortify its profit generating objective, Dell Boy goes into real estate development by creating apt settings for human activity that are in harmony with the environment and providing distribution services for its suppliers and customers. The top management of Dell Boy is restructuring the organization around common capabilities to achieve better strategic focus. The Company will renew profits and growth by focusing resources and management attention on three key areas: a.)Increase the volume and value of the market share in computer products through forward integration consisting of special warehouse services and an excellent service delivery platform; b.) Expand profit and revenue growth in personal computers by promoting aggressive and consistent marketing and promotional activities; and c.) focus on new business in the existing demand from the educational segment and in the small business and home personal computers segment.The company needs to be more selective about its property purchase as location is an important consideration for this project. The company can construct a big commercial lease building which can house its distribution operations and it can also be rented out to other commercial tenants.Through forward integration, Dell Boy Company will achieve important cost synergies, eliminate redundant management layers, and decrease other ancillary operating expenses including discretionary spending, which are expected to result in annual cost savings for the company. As Dell Boy Computer Company integrates forward into real estate, warehousing and distribution, the company needs to understand the benefits, and the development process this development entails. Property development for computer companies requires a clear perspective of public administration, physical planning, municipal regulation, market research, legal system, site appraisal, economic evaluation and assessment, financial contracts, contractual and bidding procedures, building design, construction designs, and marketing strategy aspects. The crucial costs of time, quality, and asset value are seriously considered. (Ratcliffe, et. al., 2003) The other leading computer companies such as Red Fox USA and Toshiba had relied on indirect distribution channels such as various retail stores and large shopping malls while Apple Computers, markets its products directly to the end users. For instance, Kwantinetz stated that Compaq's traditional sales and distribution technique covers a total of 90-day period for building, transporting, inventorying and setting the cost value of its manufactured goods to its existing indirect distribution channels. This very long lead time has added a tremendous 6 percent to Compaq's cost of business operations. To enable

Learning English Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning English - Case Study Example Being only a beginner, Jo's listening skill still needs improvement. During conversations, he shows interest yet he often cannot comprehend some of the questions being asked. Some words still required to be repeated over and over again. Often times, choosing simpler and more familiar words aid him to understand and respond more quickly during interviews. Jo's English speaking skills is limited by his narrow vocabulary. His sentences are often comprised of simple words put together as he would speak them in Korean. It should be noted that sentence formation in Korean is very much different than it is n English. During the interview, it is also observed that he is still having troubles in long and short vowel distinctions. As Koreans use rising and falling intonation for emphasis in their conversation, Jo also has the tendency to do this in highlighting his points. Also, he has the habit of pronouncing words which ends in consonant with i so that fish becomes pi-shi (f is not used in Korea) and bus becomes bu-si In general, the interviewee seems to be quite conscious about his skill which limits his answers to short phrases. He should be commended for his aim to perfect his speaking skills yet his biggest problem is on verb and subject agreement as well as correct tense. In terms of reading, Jo's accuracy is still ... His reading comprehension is better than I expected as he can easily answer questions from the article studied. However, it is also noted that he can read some words but still cannot understand them. Using dictionary aids him in understanding deeper and more complicated words. Jo's writing skills considerably improve when he consults his dictionary in order to express his ideas. However, without this aid he tends to use only familiar words which are often inaccurate for the purpose. He can write short simple sentences and interestingly tries to vary sentence structures. Jo's writing style is to build the paragraph by making sure that contents are cohesive and that they contribute to the whole piece. It is notable that he writes his experiences using time as the most important element in structuring his ideas. Jo has a huge problem in using correct tense. In his past tenses, he also needs to learn how to derive the past tense from the present. For example, instead just adding ed to stay to form the past tense, he change y to i and added ed. His grasp of verb and subject agreement is also lacking. Phrases and sentences should also be distinguished as he keeps on writing sentences without complete thought. Enriching his vocabulary with new words will also en able him to write better paragraph with more depth. The things which should be taught to Jo are verb and subject agreement, verb tenses, correct pronunciation of words, and a wider vocabulary. This can be done by reading activities which will enable him to learn new words, correct his pronunciation and intonation, and check his comprehension. I believe that Jo's English skills can be further improved by exposing him to

The UK public sector Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The UK public sector - Case Study Example In doing so, there was a definite movement towards policies that would influence the industrial relations and the trade union movement. (Driver et al, 1998) This was followed by changing political ideals and approaches towards the public sectors in the following decades. In recent times however, it has been seen that there is significant unrest and discontent within the trade union regarding perspectives on the public sector in terms of pay and industrial relations. This paper will discuss the causes and extent of such discontent through the context of theories, events and various facts related to the civil services in general. It is imperative to first define the public sector in UK. A country's public sector generally defines the horizon on which the various developments towards progression and growth of infrastructure take place. It is also the regulating force that underscores the activities within the market and that of the private sector as well. It is no different for UK's public sector which consists of basic amenity providing bodies like the postal service, the fire department, education, health and prison service, to name a few. Any country or organisation's basic and most important resource lies with its human element. The working force behind the industrial sector is in fact the work force, popularly known as the human resources. In giving the trade unions a large and important role to play as far as industrial relations were concerned, the UK government was trying to achieve the following results: Make optimum utilisation of its workforce. Create enough scope though accelerated production for economic growth which would in turn compensate the ravages of the two world wars Keep maximum resources and service provision bodies in the public sector through a demonstration of high capacity and capability. (Driver et al, 1998) With the identification of such goals, came the emergence of the trade unions which realised that it could exploit the public sector to a greater advantage. To make use of human resources for the achievement of such goals, the UK government gave into the demands of the employees. Thus, it can be seen that the public sector was governed closely by a set of standards set forth by the trade unions in context of pay and conditions of work. The trade union was thus a body that regulated the operational sphere of the public sector as it had important roles to play in various processes like decision making and centralisation of collective bargaining methods. This was not to last though. With the advent of the Thatcher government, there was a steady change in the equation enjoyed by the trade union within the public sector. (Driver et al, 1

Divorce and Remarriages Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Divorce and Remarriages - Essay Example For the divorce option to be accepted the church need to consider the divorce’s ground according to scriptures. The main grounds for divorce according to the New Testament are on either desertion by an unbeliever or sexual sin features (Adams 1986, p.24).   These features comprise of sexual sin like homosexuality, incest, bestiality and adultery. In the case one of the partners violates the intimacy and unity of marriage by any of the sexual sins, thereby forsaking the covenant responsibility the faithful member is left in a very difficult situation. Under such condition, the bible permits the release of the faithful partner via divorce. After divorce has occurred the faithful partner is free to remarry if at all the divorce took place on biblical grounds. However, in case of people divorce on other grounds, they have sinned against both their partners and God. In mark 10:11-12, if these partners remarry, they will be considered to have committed an act of adultery. Paul made an explanation for this and proposed any person who divorces sinfully should remain unmarried for the rest of their life unless either of them reconciles with her or his partner (Cherlin 1992, p.54). The Jesus’ teachings on the issues of divorce should be read repeatedly in both the church and at home. It should be done in every part of the world in the essence of spreading the gospel. The society has witnessed an increase in the number of remarriages and divorces in the present days. The main reason of this problem facing the society is that people tend to ignore the instructions that are provided in the bible. Some people also tend to listen to what other men think about the teachings of Jesus rather that reading for themselves in the bible (House & Laney 1990, p.76).  

To what extent did miliarism contribute to the origins of the First Research Paper

To what extent did miliarism contribute to the origins of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Second world war (1939-1945) - Research Paper Example Introduction of new weapons and the arms race geared the culture of militarism that was gaining popularity in the Europe countries leading to the start of World War 1 in 1914 (Llewellyn, Southey and Thompson para 3-4). The governments officials were after Great power and their influence was dominated by military elites and they pushed for the government increasing its spending in the military. The government officials in most countries in Europe contributed to the mood for World War I by promoting military solutions for political problems a situation that threatened the relationship among countries and in response to this, each country developed is army more. The militaristic culture was mostly experienced in Germany as they build the Prussian army before 1850 that underwent rigorous training regimes and incorporated new weaponry and communication technologies. Other countries copied this and started modernizing their forces and equipping them with new technologies and improvements such as increasing weapon range, accuracy and portability. Machines guns that had been developed in 1881 were made lighter and accurate with a capability of shooting 600 bullets in one minute. New weapons such as the dreadnought battleship were developed and gas weapons began being produced. These activities made the countries fear each other and the competition on who is more powerful resulted into the World War I. Each country believed that going into war was a test of the countries’ military power and a chance to showcase their military superiority prompted the start of the war. Military spending increased highly increased between 1900 and 1914 with the six great European powers doubling their spending and trying to outdo each other (Llewellyn, Southey and Thompson para4). Militarism was strongest in Germany due to political involvement

Meteorology assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Meteorology - Assignment Example Review the sounding data available from the online repository to estimate the value of CAPE just prior to the occurrence of the Angus tornado. The atmosphere was predisposed to wards severe weather since the Environment Canada had issued tornado warnings for several communities in the area as a line of severe thunderstorms with embedded tornadoes moved into the Lake Simcoe region. On Tuesday at around 5:20 pm, a cold front spawned a number of strong to severe thunderstorms across the southern Ontario. This was said by the environmental of Canada in the storm summary early on Wednesday. i. Suppose lightning was observed in Angus, and that you had a clear line of sight from York University to it. How long would it take for you to hear the thunder corresponding to the Angus lightning? State any assumptions required for this estimation. After the storms, several thousands of homes and businesses I Angus were without power. More than 24 hours, customers in Ontario were still not having electricity. The thunderstorm went out in the following sequence, at 8:47 a.m., the first severe thunderstorm went out, then 10:54 a.m., 2:25 p.m., 2:37 p.m., 3:03 p.m. - 4:54 p.m. then the tornado warning replaces severe thunderstorm warning. According to Environment Canada, the tornado was associated with severe thunderstorm. It was accompanied by large hail, wind gusts greater than or equal to 50kts, or tornado. In other words, it was an Ordinary Cell Thunderstorm. http://www.theweathernetwork.com/news/articles/tornado-rips-through-angus-ontario-several-homes-damaged-no-major-injuries-reported/29754/. The tornado is approximated to travel at a wind speed of between 180-220 km/hr. and with limited wind shear. http://globalnews.ca/video/1475249/return-home-timing-uncertain-for-tornado-victims-in-angus. Tornadoes are very destructive as from the video link above, it led to the death of several people for instance the severe

To what extent did miliarism contribute to the origins of the First Research Paper

To what extent did miliarism contribute to the origins of the First World War (1914-1918) and the Second world war (1939-1945) - Research Paper Example Introduction of new weapons and the arms race geared the culture of militarism that was gaining popularity in the Europe countries leading to the start of World War 1 in 1914 (Llewellyn, Southey and Thompson para 3-4). The governments officials were after Great power and their influence was dominated by military elites and they pushed for the government increasing its spending in the military. The government officials in most countries in Europe contributed to the mood for World War I by promoting military solutions for political problems a situation that threatened the relationship among countries and in response to this, each country developed is army more. The militaristic culture was mostly experienced in Germany as they build the Prussian army before 1850 that underwent rigorous training regimes and incorporated new weaponry and communication technologies. Other countries copied this and started modernizing their forces and equipping them with new technologies and improvements such as increasing weapon range, accuracy and portability. Machines guns that had been developed in 1881 were made lighter and accurate with a capability of shooting 600 bullets in one minute. New weapons such as the dreadnought battleship were developed and gas weapons began being produced. These activities made the countries fear each other and the competition on who is more powerful resulted into the World War I. Each country believed that going into war was a test of the countries’ military power and a chance to showcase their military superiority prompted the start of the war. Military spending increased highly increased between 1900 and 1914 with the six great European powers doubling their spending and trying to outdo each other (Llewellyn, Southey and Thompson para4). Militarism was strongest in Germany due to political involvement

Audio-visual Synergy and Opposition Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Audio-visual Synergy and Opposition - Essay Example This essay "Audio-visual Synergy and Opposition" outlines the function of music in movies and advertisements and how it developed with times. Music has accompanied image since the times of ancient Greece, when plays and tableaus were accompanied by music, even when dance was not involved. It set the mood, and warned people what to expect. This would increase enjoyment as it increased the audience’s sensory experience. We have an affinity for image combined with music; hence the development of opera, ballet and musical comedy as highly appreciated art forms. Music videos are the most recent development in this genre. The similarities among these are that each contains music, image and text to varying degrees of balance. Opera is story first told with the all important music which carries the text. Ballet is story told via music and dance. Musical comedy is mostly story with the heightened experience of music and dance accompaniment. Music video is mostly music and text (the lyr ics) which create story to be followed by the images which are filmed. However, the text is the lyrics and story may be minimal or missing entirely. Opera is the most balanced form with constant music. Ballet has minimal text except as expressed by music and dance. Musical comedy is more text than the other elements, which are used to enhance the story. Modern musical plays, such as Les Miserables and Cats have almost equal balance to opera. Music videos, on the other hand, are all about the music with imagery and text used to enhance the musical experience.

The Qr Code Technology Computer Science Essay

The Qr Code Technology Computer Science Essay QR code, also called QR barcode.QR code is a information processing technology ,develop by base on grahic techonlege and computer techolage. It is to use a particular geometric figure according to rule in the two-dimension plane which is distribution of black and white graphic to record data . In the coding of clever, use 0, 1 bit stream concept which is constitute the basis of computer internal logic. The use of several and binary corresponding geometric shapes to represent text numerical information, through the image input device or photoelectric scanning equipment automatic to read in order to realize information automatic processing. Using a dedicated reading code or smartphone can be scanned to identify for which contained information. QR code can be expressed in information in two directions at the same time horizontal and vertical, so to express a lot of information in a very small area. QR code is not specially designed for mobile phones by itself, but with the development of mobile communication technology, mobile phones creates the QR code. Mobile phones QR code will be as QR code recognizer and carrier and hosted by QR code information navigation and information. Advantages of QR code The Advantages of QR code ¼Ã… ¡ QR code have high density informations and big capacity. Can record 1850 capital letters or 2710 digital or 1108 bytes. Lengthways and horizontal can record and store information. It can store much information and do not need information for connect internet. the scope of QR coding is very big. This QR code can coding sound pictures words number to be a shown digital information. never afraid local damage ¼Ã…’even the damaged area is 50%, can still get to read correctly. This features of QR code is a important effect for people daily life. The black QR code become colourful and have some fun idea picture inside. Let person want use QR code and seed up the communication for information. The decoding particularly accurate. Error rate is less than one over ten million. Use the QR code do not afraid can not find the source which QR code have. Can be encrypted. Security and confidentiality. Never afraid the inportant imformation will be steal. The trade secret will be saved,and company never lost anything. Easy to make,use for long time,cost less. Symbol shape and size ratio can be changed. can read by CCD reader and the laser. The Last Ocean (documentary) Applications of QR code QR codes as a kind of brand-new information storage, transmission and identification technology rapidly into the people daily life with the development of science and technology. Use mobile phone surf the internet,it is difficult to need enter long website. Use QR code will reduce this trouble,as long as you use phone to scan QR code on the book or adertising. It is not inconveninet to carry paper business cards. If the business card use QR code,it will convenient storages of business cards.Use mobile phone can scan the QR code can copy the name ,phone number,email.and company informations to your mobile phone from the business cards. It is easy to help you contact him and know his company. Use mobile phone to scan QR code can reduce the waste of paper and pollution of the environment. QR code attendance system is a certificate type of mobile data service of new products, belongs to the mobile phone QR code to be read application, it is modern mobile communications technology and QR code coding technology unifies in together, the content of the traditional certificate holders and information encoding become a QR code graphics, and through the SMS, MMS, etc to send to the users mobile phone, when using, through the special read code equipment on the opponent display QR code graphics for student can be verified. Its biggest characteristic is only sex and safety, not only to save the cost, more important is to save time improve efficiency convenient use, also very environmental protection and fashion. Before the exhibition, the organizer only through the system to give participants hair to contain QR code electronic invitation letter (MMS, SMS), the two-dimension code contains meeting message, as exhibition sign in documents. In the exhibition, the participants need to carry mobile phones easily finish attendance, bring the brand-new the experience. At the same time also to avoid the organizers field check information helter skelter embarrassment, and are very safe, effective identity verification, put an end to those false burst. The participants information in the validation, through the wireless communication system transmission to the system database, so that the exhibition participation situation be clear at a glance, and convenient to participate in the exhibition of the statistical work. The whole process adopted all electronic, the use of mobile phones as a certificate, realize the meeting attendance information. Difference between QR CODE and BAR CODE Code can split into one dimensional code and two dimensional code. one dimensional code is Bar code. It make up by a rule arrange strip space and number . this kind data coding can supply machine cognition and read,is very easy to translate binary system and decimal system. Bar code distinguish fast and high veracity  ¼Ã…’great fiexiblityà £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡But, because of the Bar code only in one direction (horizontal) commonly show information. So the data capacity is small. Bar code often need to connect to the database in order to get more data from the network by limited information capacity. But Bar code will loses the role in under the condition of not forget or database. The QR code use Bar codes information stored way extension in the two-dimensional space, do not need to connect a database, it can store large data by itself, it is high density large capacity. QR code also have wide coding, high recognition rate, difficult to abrasion .low cost etc.It can be printed in newspapers and magazines and periodicals,let people use mobile phone to reader it. Risk It also have some problem with QR code. Some QR code is malicious. If you are a QR code lover, please kill virus when you scan the doubtable QR code, Or you need pay attention to instill the program which is after scan QR code.Beacuse some malicious QR code will steal your money and break your daily life. Most malicious QR code is seducing people installe program to commit fraud. People should be sure to read the phone installation prompts are given. The other malicious QR code is include virus. After you scan the QR code, it will install the mobile phone virus secretly. On top of, QR code security problem even live in code scanning software, some malicious QR code software will install virus or malicious ads in advance, if you instill it ,you mobile phone will get the malicious ads and high costs. These actions could occur in the background while the user is only seeing the reader opening a seemingly harmless web page. For example: In Russia, a malicious QR Code caused phones that s canned it to send premium texts at a fee of US$6 each. Colorful with QR code We usually see most software generated QR code is black when few years ago. Now we see most advertisement have colorful and personality QR code. This kind QR code s generation technique is not difficult.and this is young man love. Base on QR code never afraid local damage ,the QR codes part be overwritten or lost, scanning machine still be able to identify its record of complete information. Some website already provide free colorful QR code service to people. There are many personality QR code production tools in the internet ,if you like it ,you can do it by yourself. When you scan this QR code. You will get love you foreverby chinese. Conclusion I suggest our company use the QR code technology. QR code as things networking age a recognition terminal, will change peoples future life, also can make the future life more low carbon. The technology is cheap,it can not cost company much money. Never mind it will broken or lost . It is easy to carry that is in your mobile phone. And personality QR code will make staff have fun. The QR code let the staff work easily and environmentaly. So I suggest our company use the QR code technology.

Continetal drift theory Essays -- essays research papers fc

Continental Drift, the theory that continents move slowly about the earth's surface, changing their positions relative to one another and to the poles of the earth. In the past the theory has been discussed but not generally accepted, most geologists believing the continents to be fixed in place and subject only to vertical movements, such as those observed during mountain uplift. In recent years, however, a sound body of evidence in support of a modified form of the drift theory has been found. Ideas are becoming precise and unified, with emphasis on a moving, evolving ocean floor. The new theory is called plate tectonics. Soon after the Atlantic Ocean had been mapped, about three hundred years ago, it was noticed that the opposite coasts had similar shapes, but it was not until the middle of the 19th century that accurate maps were published demonstrating that the two coasts could be fitted together quite closely. Some geologists then suggested that the fit of the coasts was not an accident--that the continents were once joined and had subsequently drifted apart. None of the suggestions were taken seriously.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1912, however, the German meteorologist Alfred Wegener investigated the fit of the Atlantic coasts more carefully than had his predecessors and grouped all the continents together into one great land mass, which he called Pangaea. He supposed that the mass began to break apart about 200 million years ago. He also showed that some geological features on the opposite coasts could have fitted together, and that there were many striking similarities between the fossil plants and reptiles on the opposite coasts, particularly the coasts of Africa and South America. If the continents were pushed together, the geological, fossil, and other lines of evidence would join together accurately in the way that lines of print on a torn newspaper would join when the paper was reassembled. Wegener also pointed out that ancient climatic zones seemed to have lain in different places from the present zones. He pointed out that where great ice sheets have melted in recent geological times in Scandinavia and North America, the land is rising as fast as a centimeter a year. This vertical uplift, he said, requires horizontal inflow of matter below and implies that flow and motion do take place within the earth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We... ...an isolated continent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although Wegener and Du Toit proposed that the primitive continents began to break up about 200 million years ago, there is much evidence that drift began long before then, and that continental blocks have slowly been moving about the earth's surface throughout much of geological time. It seems that before the continents drifted apart and opened up the Atlantic, they had drifted together and closed up an earlier ocean. Another place where continents seem to have bumped into each other and piled up mountains between them is the Himalayas, which may have been produced when the Indian Peninsula detached itself from Gondwanaland and gradually drifted into Asia Bibliography  Daley, Robert B. 1986 A study of a changing planet; CEBCO Publishing co. p.418  Bartolini, Annachiara and Larson, Roger L; 2001 Pacific microplate and the Pangea supercontinent in the Early to Middle Jurassic; Geology, Aug2001, Vol. 29 Issue 8, p735-39  Anderson, Don L 2001. Top-Down Tectonics; Science, 9/14/2001, Vol. 293 Issue 5537, p2016-18  http://www.geo.cornell.edu/geology/classes/Geo101/101week6_s01.html

Essay --

There are many drug cartels in the country of Mexico, but one of the most powerful drug trafficking organization in the world being the Sinaloa Cartel. A drug trafficking, money laundering, and organized crime group that still remains the strongest in the country and has the largest presence nationwide. It was founded in 1989 in the city of Culiacan, Sinaloa. The youngest city just up the northwest of Mexico. Not only is it known as the Sinaloa Cartel, it was also known as La Alianza de Sangre, meaning Blood Alliance. Hector Palma, a drug lord that was in charge of the cartel was arrested in the year of 1995 and passed it on to one of his well known business partner, Joaquin â€Å"El Chapo† Guzman. In that time period, he took leadership and is now currently running it. He is considered to be the second generation of drug smugglers along with many other individuals such as Rafael Quintero, Ernesto Carrillo, and Miguel Gallardo. These second generations were brought to the cartel through connections from family relations, especially Joaquin â€Å"El Chapo† Guzman. The first generation dates b...

Health Campaign Essay

Part I of this paper examined childhood obesity as a public health issues that faces the state of Texas. Further, the paper dwelt on the importance of addressing this public health issues because it has an impact on the lives of the children at the community, state, and national levels. Moreover, the paper also identified the models and systems that have found use in the determination and of childhood obesity, along with the associated vital statistics involved, and management care. The research paper revealed how prevalence in childhood obesity in the state of Texas increased from 5. % to 10. 9% for children between the ages of 7 to 12 between 1970 and 1995. In an effort to address this public health issues, community organizations, the state of Texas as well as the federal government have also played a pivotal role in taking initiatives to help address this epidemic. At the community level, local agencies including health clinics and community centers have all been actively involved in the fight against childhood obesity. Parents, schools, and the community are all charged with the responsibility of creating awareness about the childhood obesity epidemic. State agencies that are dealing with obesity in Texas include the Texas Obesity Research Center and the Health and Human Commission. At the national level, The Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Childhood Obesity Foundation has been instrumental in the fight against childhood obesity. At the national level, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) has provided two yardsticks with which to divide children above the age of 2 years who are also overweight. In the first category, those children who are above the 85th quartile of obesity are often identified as being within the at-risk level. In the second category, those who are above the 95th quartile are categorized as being in the severe level. Perhaps we need to ponder on the question of why there are more overweight children in the state of Texas in comparison with the national average. The main reason behind this could be the fact that compared with the larger United States, Texas is by and large more ethnically diverse. African Americans and Hispanic children have been seen to present a higher prevalence of obesity in comparison with the other children, such as the Whites or Caucasians. Although the number of African Americans in the population of Texas is a reflection of the national percentage (in this case, the African Americans in the Texas population are 11. 5% while at the national level, the figure is 12. 3%), however, there are more Hispanics in the state of Texas in comparison with the national average (that is, 32% vs. 12. 5%). Nearly 40% of the children in the various public schools in Texas are of Hispanic descent, with the White children and the African Americans accounting for a further 43% and 14% respectively. Target Population Accroding to the research findigns undertaken by the NHANES (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) between 2007 and 2008, 17 percent of children along with adolescents who were of the ages between 2 and 19 years were categorized as being obese. Further, the study revealed that obesity prevalence among this target group was also seen to rise between 1976 and 1980. Again, a similar trend was observed between 1999 and 2000 (CDC 2010). On the other hand, a survey undertaken among high school students in Texas indicated that nearly a third of them (28. 7 %) were either bese, or overweight ((Burns, Nyberg & Parker, 2007). In addition, the January 2009 state demographer of Texas indicates that by 2040, there shall be 15 million obese individuals in the state if at all no preventive measures are undertaken. This represents a threefold increase of the current population of obese individuals. Barclay (2010) contends that in 2007, the national prevalence rate of obesity among children in the US stood at 16. 4 %. What this appears to suggest is that the prevalence of obesity among children in the state of Texas is nearly double the national figure. Accordingly, a child in Texas is more likely to be obese that the average child in the United States. This could be attributed to the issue of race. For example, Texas has a higher percentage of African Americans and Hispanics than the national average. The two races have been shown to be more pre-disposed to obesity than any other race, and so the apparent variation in obesity rates in the state of Texas. The national infant mortality rate in the United States as of 2007 stood at 6. 3 deaths for every 1000 live births, according to statistics released by CDC (2007). On the other hand, in the same year, the infant mortality rates in the state of Texas stood at 6. 2 deaths for every 1000 live births (Texas Department of Health Services, 2007). There is the need for adopting sustainable intervention measures in as far as the issue of child obesity in the state of Texas at the community level if at all the prevalence rates of this epidemic are to reduce. One such intervention is the FFV (Fresh Fruit and Vegetable) Program. The aim of the FFVP is to ensure that school-age children have access to free vegetables and fruits all day long, while at school. The target group is therefore children of school-going age. They are normally encouraged to adopt healthy eating habits. In addition, the schools that takes part in the project avails a controlled setting in which the manipulation of the environment is possible. At the national level, the FFVP program is usually administered by the Food and Nutrition Service of the USDA. On the other hand, the Department of Agriculture in Texas is charged with the responsibility of administering this program at the state level (Jeffers, 2003). In Texas, the program administrator of the FFVP is responsible for managing and overseeing this program. The determination of the success of the FFVP program would be a reduction in plate waste amounts and increase in the consumption of vegetables and fruits. Intervention As a community-based response to the issue, including community-based planning, needs assessments, and selection of locally identified objectives, the community considered created a Get Out and Race in Racing campaign in order to increase physical activity in the community and respond the issue of obesity. There are economic factors and funding intervention strategies to address these issues. Each year the state spends in excess of $337 million on obesity-directly related diseases and conditions (Nevada State Health Division Bureau for Community Health, 2006). Campaigns will help the community members become aware of these costs and how these funds could be better used to promote health. Statewide partnerships with community and business members will be formed to seek ways to increase funds needed for the program. Funding interventions will include community, business, and school-held events to raise capital to include moneys and volunteers to assist with the program development and implementation, and ongoing evaluation. Schools will send home flyers asking for parent participation and contributions. Students will become involved in all efforts to raise conscious awareness of the problem, proposed solution, and needs for funding. Social marketing will have an important role in promoting public health related to the chosen issue of obesity. Social marketing will be needed to ensure parent and community awareness of the problems and proposed solutions. To assist with marketing agendas, meetings with parents and teachers will be held at the schools to ensure that parents are provided with information about health, obesity prevention, and physical exercise. These meetings will take place regularly to market the program while providing information. Efforts are designed to facilitate economic support as well as a commitment to adhering to the program (Elsawy & Higgins, 2010). At the institutional levels also, the school heads are called upon to ensure that they incorporate physical exercise in the school’s curricula as another strategy to facilitate in the reduction of obesity among children. In addition, churches and community centers in Texas could also be involved in the fight against obesity by way of forming educational programs aimed at creating awareness on the incidence, prevalence, and dangers of this epidemic, with the children and their parents as the target group. Lepard (2010) has underscored the need to make use of video games in school and at community centers with a view to helping reduce childhood obesity in the state of Texas. In addition, such educational programs also require incorporating behavioral change, such as exercise and the adoption of healthy eating habits (Cole et al, 2000). For purposes of sustainability of such programs as the FFVP, there is the need to ensure that a reliable source of funding has been identified. In this case, the USDA and the CDC are good examples of government agencies that are in support of such programs. Conclusion Obesity in Texas and United States is an important aspect of today’s health and it continues to rise. Awareness is being pushed through the state, local and national level to help fight this disease. Having the community, schools and family involved with ways to prevent and cure obesity can help fight the disease. Following the proper nutritional guide and exercise can have the start of a health life style.

Birth Weight And Parity Relationship Health And Social Care Essay

World Health Organization defined low birth weight as a per centum of unrecorded Born babies that weigh less than 2500 g, for a given clip period. Infant mortality addition particular to deliver weight if they weigh less than 2500 gms ( 1 ) . Low birth weight is caused by short gestational age or intrauterine growing deceleration or a combination of both. Low birth weight is an of import cause for infant mortality in United Kingdom ( 2 ) and can impact baby ‘s wellness in approaching old ages. Birth weight is associated with perinatal mortality and morbidity every bit good as with diseases like type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in maturity ( 3 ) . New born babes with birth weight of less than 2500g history for 7 % of all unrecorded births in developed states ( 4 ) . Low birth weight varies widely in adult females of different socio-economic position e.g.in early 1890ss, in England and Wales the per centum of low birth weight births was 8.2 % in unskilled societal categ ory V versus 5.4 % in professional societal category I based on the business of the male parent ( 4 ) . Smoke is the 1 of the major modifiable hazard factor lending to low birth weight of new born babes. Babies born to female parents, who smoke, weigh on mean 200g less than babes born to female parents, who does non smoke. Harmonizing to Messecar et al the tobacco users have twice the incidence of low birth weight as compared to non-smokers ( 7 ) .Socio-economic position strongly affects smoking surcease in gestation. Womans with lower income, instruction and unemployed are far more likely to go on smoking than adult females from higher socioeconomic position groups ( 8 ) . Smoking surcease reduces the prevalence of low birth weight and increase birth weight among pregnant adult females who stop smoke as a consequence of successful intercession ( 9 ) . We conducted a prospective observational survey, in which we recruited pregnant adult females showing to the labour ward of local District General Hospital in active labors in May 2004.We included adult females who were willing to take part with singleton gestation dated by ultrasound. Mean age of participants were 31.33 ( old ages ) .Women who were non in labor, non willing to take part, with learning disablements, terminal unwellness and with Intrauterine deceases or still births at the clip of presentation were excluded. We gave eligible adult females the elaborate information cusps sing our survey and a trained wellness attention professional took consent from willing female parents. We used structured signifier to roll up the information and used instance notes of voluntaries to roll up this information. We collected informations on maternal age ( uninterrupted variable ) , gestational age ( uninterrupted variable ) , on smoke position ( categorical variable ) , BMI ( uninterrupted variable ) and gender of new born ( categorical variable ) . General demographic information was besides collected. We used standard mensurating graduated table in labour ward to enter the birth weight ( uninterrupted dependant variable ) of the new Born and used units of gms for weight measuring. Data was analysed with the aid of statistician based at the section of Basic Health Sciences University of Leicester. We used SPSS16 package bundle to analyze the information. Over a period of 30 yearss we invited all eligible adult females to take part in our survey from the labour ward of local District General infirmary, merely 150 volunteered to take part. In our informations one individual has all losing values except birth weight, there were two other outliers in birth weight values, these were non justifiable i.e. birth weight of 20g and 1265g.We did informations cleansing by canceling these three values. Mean birth weight was 3390 gms runing from 2300g to 4520g with standard divergence of 487.37.Womens age scope was from 19years to 43 old ages with average age of 31 old ages. Gestational age among participants ranged from 24weeks to 43 hebdomads with mean of 39 and standard divergence of 2.80.Out of 149 adult females 23 were tobacco users and 126 did non smoke during gestation. Majority of tobacco users in our survey were multiparous i.e. 73.9 % . Approximately 55 % primiparous adult females and 45 % multiparous adult females did non smoke during g estation. Among the new born babies 76 were males and 73 were females. Birth weight is a dependent variable and it is usually distributed. Parity of female parent is one of the forecasters and is besides usually distributed. Pearson coefficient trial was important ( important 2 tailed P value=0.01 ) demoing significance correlativity between two variables. We used parametric trial i.e. independent T trial and found that average birth weight of new born in primiparous ( n=74 ) was 3288g which was 205g ( 95 % CI-49.4-361.1 ) less than the average birth weight ( 3493 ) of new Borns of multiparous adult females ( n=73 ) .The Levine ‘s Test is non important ( p=0.92 ) , the two discrepancies i.e. primiparity and multiparty are non significantly different and we can presume that the discrepancies are about equal. In our T trial the value of T is 2.63.We have 145 grades of freedom and 2 tailed significance= 0.10 which is more than.005 rejecting our void hypothesis. We checked the relationship between gestational age and birth weight and found this to be linear.We used spearman ‘s trial to see this relationship and found this to be important ( p value 2 tailed =0.01 ) . Birth weight is non dependent on gender of babe ( p value- 0.028 with Mann Whitney trial ) .The interaction between para and smoke to impact the birth weight is non important ( p=0.858, F=0.32 ) and is no more than would be expected by opportunity. Test for difference in average birth weight by gestational age is important ( p=0.00 ) .Test for difference in average birth weight by Body mass index ( p=0.76 ) , smoking ( p=0.89 ) is non important. Dependent variable is birth weight which is usually distributed. This is prospective survey look intoing the association of babies birth weight with para of their female parents. In our survey consequences Infants birth weight ranged from 2300grams to 4520grams. Harmonizing to WHO any infant born with a weight of less than 2500 gms is considered to be of low birth weight.There are many cause of low birth weight in babies including female parents body aggregate index, female parents age, nutritionary and smoke position ( 5 ) .We found that infant born to primiparous female parents weigh less so multiparous adult females. In subsequent gestations birth weight of babies increases our consequences are consist with finings of Macleod S et Al who found that birth weight additions from para 1 to para 3 but they besides found that birth weight dropped markedly in higher para group ( 13 ) ( 10 ) . We did non analyze the birth weight relationship as per figure of para as they did and we felt that this is one of failing of our survey. It is observed that mat ernal age and para of female parent affect birth weight by interfering with intrauterine growing, non by impacting gestational age ( 13 ) . Different theories were proposed in literature to explicate the intrauterine growing deceleration in female parents of different age and para groups. Many research workers reported that immature female parents in their teenage could non run into the demands of their growth fetus because of their ain turning organic structure demands and therefore taking to intrauterine growing deceleration ( 13 ) . Same sort of account can be given for multiparous female parents as nutritionary demands change over clip. There are other physiological factors which could play a portion in birth weight of babies in subsequent gestations like co-existing unwellness in female parents ( 14 ) , pregnancy attention etc and this was non looked in our survey. Appropriate for gestational age is term used for Babies whose weight is appropriate for their gestational age, big for day of the months is the term used for babies heavier than their gestational age, and those smaller than expected are considered little for gestational age. We looked at the relationship of gestational age with infant birth weight. We found that this was important and it was straight relative i.e. with increasing gestational age, birth weight besides increased. This is another country for farther research to see any relationship between para and gestational age of babies. We besides noticed that at both extremes of maternal age i.e. in teenage female parents and in older adult females birth weight of babies tends to be on lower side. In our survey sample minority of adult females continued to smoke during gestation.Because of our little sample size we could non happen any association between smoke and birth weight, nevertheless it is good known fact that smoke is an of import cause of intrauterine growing deceleration and low birth weight of babies. We could non happen any association between gender of new born babies and their birth weight.